Objectives (5 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of temporality: Students should be able to understand that history unfolds over time, with past, present, and future events. They should learn to identify these different times and the relationship between them.

2. Identify different ways of measuring time: Students should be introduced to different units of time, such as day, month, year, decade, century, and millennium. They should learn to use these units to describe simple historical and everyday events.

3. Apply the notion of temporality in daily life: Students should be able to apply what they have learned about temporality in history to their daily lives. This includes understanding the idea of past, present, and future, as well as the notion that present actions can have consequences in the future.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous content: The teacher should start the lesson by briefly reviewing previously covered concepts, such as what history is, the idea of past and present events, and the importance of learning about the past to understand the present and plan for the future. This will help set the stage for the new topic, the idea of temporality.

2. Problem situations: The teacher can present two problem situations to arouse students' interest and contextualize the topic. For example, they can ask: 'Have you ever wondered why we have to go to school every day? Why can't we just learn everything at once and then enjoy the day playing?' Another question could be: 'Have you ever imagined how the world would be if certain historical events had not happened, such as the discovery of fire or the invention of the wheel?'

3. Contextualization: The teacher should then explain that the idea of temporality is very important in history because it helps us understand how humanity has evolved over time and how our actions in the present can affect the future. Additionally, the teacher can mention how the idea of time is used in our daily lives, for example, to help us plan our activities, such as going to school, doing homework, playing, sleeping, etc.

4. Capturing students' attention: To spark students' interest, the teacher can share some curiosities about history and temporality. For example, they can tell the story of how the ancient Egyptians invented the first calendar, based on the cycles of the moon and the sun, or how the invention of the clock changed the way people think about time. Another curiosity could be the idea that for dinosaurs, who lived millions of years ago, a day was shorter than for us, as the Earth rotated faster at that time.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Presentation of Theory: The teacher should start this stage by explaining that time is a way to organize events, and that in history, time is very important. They should talk about how historians study the past and how they use different time measures, such as years, decades, centuries, millennia, to describe historical events. The teacher can use graphs, images, and simple examples to illustrate these concepts.

2. Exploration of different units of time: The teacher should then delve into each unit of time, explaining what it represents and giving examples of historical events that fit into that unit. For example, for the concept of a day, the teacher can mention daily events, such as waking up in the morning, going to school, having lunch, playing, having dinner, and sleeping. For the concept of a year, events like Christmas, New Year's Day, Independence Day, etc., can be mentioned. The teacher should continue this way, going through decades, centuries, and millennia, always using simple examples familiar to the students.

3. Application of theory to practice: After exploring each unit of time separately, the teacher should now show how they connect and how they can be used to describe more complex historical events. For example, they can choose a simple historical event, such as the discovery of America, and show how it can be described in different units of time, starting with the day Christopher Columbus arrived on the continent, moving through the decade it occurred, until reaching the century and millennium it belongs to.

4. Consolidation activities: To ensure that students have understood the theory, the teacher can propose some practical activities. For example, they can distribute calendars and ask students to mark important events, such as their birthdays, holidays, etc., in different units of time. Another activity could be creating a simple timeline, with historical events and students' daily events marked in different units of time.

5. Group discussion: After completing the activities, the teacher should facilitate a group discussion where students can share their answers and learn from each other. The teacher should be attentive to correct any misconceptions and reinforce the correct concepts.

6. Connection with daily life: To conclude the development stage, the teacher should explain how the idea of temporality is relevant to students' daily lives. They can mention how the notion of past, present, and future helps us plan our daily activities and understand the consequences of our actions. Additionally, they can emphasize how the study of history and temporality helps us understand the world we live in and appreciate cultural diversity and human progress.

Return (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group discussion: The teacher should gather all students for a group discussion about the solutions or answers found by each during the activities. The aim is to promote the exchange of ideas and interaction among students. The teacher can ask some students to share the solutions they found, explaining how they arrived at them. During the discussion, the teacher should ask questions that help reinforce the concepts learned and correct any possible misconceptions. They should also praise students' contributions and encourage them to actively participate in the discussion.

2. Connection with theory: After the discussion, the teacher should recap the main points of the lesson and connect them with the solutions or answers found by the students. They should highlight how the theory presented in the lesson was applied in practical activities and how this helps to better understand the idea of temporality in history. For example, they can ask: 'How did you use the different units of time we discussed to describe the events you marked on the calendar?' or 'How did you organize the events on the timeline you created?'.

3. Reflection on learning: To conclude the lesson, the teacher should propose that students reflect on what they have learned. They can ask two simple questions to guide students' reflection: 'What did you find most interesting about what we learned today?' and 'How can you apply what you learned today in your daily lives?'. The teacher should give a minute for students to think about the answers and then ask some of them to share their reflections with the class. The teacher should value all contributions and reinforce the importance of what was learned.

4. Lesson closure: Finally, the teacher should end the lesson by thanking the students for their participation and effort and reinforcing the importance of studying history and temporality. They can say: 'Congratulations to everyone for the great work today! You all did an excellent job exploring the different units of time and applying what you learned. Remember that history and temporality are important parts of our lives and help us understand the world around us. See you in the next lesson!'.

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Summary of key points: The teacher should start the conclusion by summarizing the main points covered during the lesson. They should reinforce the idea that history is a way to organize and understand events over time, and that the study of temporality helps us understand how history unfolds. The teacher should remind students of the different units of time that were discussed, such as day, month, year, decade, century, and millennium, and how they are used to describe historical events.

2. Connection between theory, practice, and applications: The teacher should then talk about how the lesson connected theory, practice, and applications. They should explain that the theory was presented clearly and simply, and that students had the opportunity to apply this theory in practical activities. The teacher should also mention how the lesson helped students understand the importance of temporality not only in history but also in their daily lives.

3. Extra materials: The teacher can suggest some extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of temporality. This may include children's books on history, educational websites with games and activities related to the theme, and documentaries or age-appropriate films that address historical events. The teacher should remind students that these materials are optional but can be useful to complement what was learned in the classroom.

4. Importance of the subject: Finally, the teacher should emphasize the importance of the subject for students' daily lives. They can explain that the notion of time and the ability to think temporally are fundamental for organizing daily life, understanding events and situations, and planning for the future. Additionally, the teacher can mention that the study of history and temporality helps us understand and appreciate the diversity of the world and value human progress.

5. Closure: The teacher should end the lesson by thanking the students for their participation and reinforcing that all students are capable of understanding and appreciating history and temporality. They can say: 'Thank you all for your participation and effort today. You all did a great job learning about history and temporality. Remember, history is about us and the world around us, and we can all be historians. See you in the next lesson!'.

With this, the teacher concludes the lesson in an enjoyable and productive way, reinforcing the main learnings and encouraging students to continue exploring the fascinating world of history.