Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Main Objective: Introduce the concept of addition and subtraction of natural numbers in a playful and practical way, encouraging students to understand the operations through manipulative activities and problem-solving.
2. Secondary Objective: Develop students' ability to recognize everyday situations involving addition and subtraction, stimulating the practical application of the concepts learned.

After this stage, students should be able to identify and solve simple addition and subtraction problems in the context of daily life, using manipulative materials to aid in the understanding of the concepts.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Content Review: The teacher starts the lesson by reviewing concepts already studied, such as counting objects and identifying natural numbers. This can be done interactively by asking students to count objects in the classroom or in projected images.

2. Problem-Solving Scenarios: The teacher proposes two situations that require addition and subtraction of natural numbers. For example: "If I had 3 balls and I gained 2 more, how many balls do I have now? And if, then, I lost 1 ball, how many balls do I have now?" or "I had 5 chocolates and gave 2 to my friend. How many chocolates do I have now?".

3. Contextualization: The teacher explains that addition and subtraction are important mathematical operations that we use in many everyday situations, such as counting objects, adding money, subtracting items from a list, among others.

4. Topic Introduction: The teacher then introduces the topic of the lesson, explaining that they will learn to perform additions and subtractions more quickly and efficiently. To spark students' interest, the teacher can share curiosities, such as the fact that addition and subtraction are mathematical operations that people have been using for thousands of years, since the first numbering systems were created.

5. Engaging Students' Attention: To engage students' attention, the teacher can propose two simple mathematical challenges involving addition and subtraction. For example: "I am thinking of a number. If I add 3 to it, the result will be 8. What number am I thinking of?" and "I have a box with 7 candies. If I give 2 candies to each of my friends, how many candies will I have in the box?"

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

The teacher should choose one of the teaching strategies proposed below to delve deeper into the lesson topic. These strategies are based on active learning theory, which encourages students to be participative and build their own knowledge. The teacher should provide guidance and support during these activities, but allow students to take the lead in problem-solving.

Strategy 1: Mathematical Games

1. Addition and Subtraction Game: The teacher divides the class into groups of 4 to 5 students. Each group receives a set of cards with natural numbers (from 1 to 10) and a die. In turns, students roll the die and choose a card. They must then perform the indicated operation (addition or subtraction) with the number on the card and the number on the die. The first to give the correct answer keeps the card. In the end, the group with the most cards wins.

OR

2. Market Game: The teacher organizes a "market" in the classroom, with different products (drawings on cardboard) and prices (natural numbers). Students, in groups, receive a fictional amount of money. They must choose products and make additions and subtractions to pay and receive change. The group that spends all the money first wins.

Strategy 2: Practical Activities

1. Treasure Hunt: The teacher hides cards with natural numbers around the classroom. Students, in pairs, must find the cards and make additions and subtractions with the numbers on each card. The teacher can provide manipulative objects (such as buttons or popsicle sticks) to assist in solving the operations.

OR

2. Storytelling: The teacher suggests that students create short stories involving addition and subtraction of natural numbers. For example, "John had 5 candies and bought 2 more. Then, he gave 1 to his friend. How many candies does John have now?". Students should draw the scenes of the story and perform the operations to find the answer.

Strategy 3: Didactic Materials

1. Math Tic-Tac-Toe Game: The teacher distributes to each group a tic-tac-toe game board with blank spaces. Students must fill the spaces with natural numbers and play. Each time they mark a space, they must perform the indicated operation (addition or subtraction) with the number of the space and the number they chose to play. The goal is to achieve 3 correct operations in a row horizontally, vertically, or diagonally.

OR

2. Creation of a Card Game: The teacher guides students to create their own card game, where each card presents a natural number and an operation (addition or subtraction). Students must perform the indicated operations and the player with the correct result keeps the card. The winner is the player with the most cards at the end.

The teacher should choose the strategy they believe is most suitable for the class, taking into account the available resources and the students' profile. It is important for the teacher to circulate around the classroom during these activities, observing students' progress, solving doubts, and encouraging everyone's participation.

Feedback (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (5 - 7 minutes): After completing the activities, the teacher should gather all students in a large circle for a group discussion. Each group will have the opportunity to share their solutions and strategies used. The teacher should encourage students to explain how they arrived at their answers, thus promoting critical thinking and mathematical communication. During this discussion, the teacher should reinforce the correct concepts and procedures, correcting any errors in a positive and constructive manner.

2. Connection to Theory (3 - 5 minutes): The teacher should then make the connection between the practical activities carried out and the theory discussed at the beginning of the lesson. They can highlight how the strategies used by students in the activities are similar to the formal strategies of addition and subtraction, such as counting, taking away, and comparing. The teacher can also reinforce how addition and subtraction are operations that we use daily in our lives, whether it's to count objects, add money, subtract items from a list, among others.

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes): To conclude the lesson, the teacher should propose that students make a brief reflection on what they have learned. They can ask two simple questions to guide this reflection:

   • "Which strategy did you enjoy using the most to solve addition and subtraction operations?"
   • "How can you use what you learned today in everyday situations?"

   Students should have a short time to think about these questions. Then, the teacher can ask for some volunteers to share their answers, thus promoting self-assessment and awareness of learning.

Throughout the feedback session, the teacher should maintain a welcoming and positive environment, encouraging the participation of all students. It is an important opportunity to assess learning progress, identify possible difficulties, and plan the next teaching steps.

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Lesson Summary (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher begins the conclusion by recalling the main points covered during the lesson. They emphasize that students learned about addition and subtraction, two fundamental mathematical operations that we use to combine and compare quantities. The teacher highlights that through practical activities, students had the opportunity to apply these concepts in a playful and meaningful way.

2. Connecting Theory with Practice (2 - 3 minutes): Next, the teacher makes the final connection between theory and practice. They explain that during the activities, students used different strategies to solve addition and subtraction problems - strategies that align with the formal procedures of these operations. The teacher also reinforces that, just like in the lesson, addition and subtraction are essential mathematical tools in daily life, used for many tasks, such as counting objects, adding money, subtracting items from a list, among others.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes): To complement learning, the teacher suggests extra resources for students. They can recommend interactive online games involving addition and subtraction, such as "Math Playground" and "Prodigy". The teacher can also suggest homework activities, such as solving addition and subtraction problems in an exercise notebook or creating addition and subtraction problems to solve with family.

4. Subject Importance (1 minute): Finally, the teacher highlights the importance of what was learned. They explain that addition and subtraction are fundamental for students' mathematical skill development and that mastering these operations will allow them to solve more complex problems in the future. Additionally, the teacher emphasizes that the ability to apply mathematics in everyday life is a valuable skill that helps make informed decisions, solve practical problems, and better understand the world around us.

5. Closure (1 minute): The teacher concludes the lesson by thanking everyone for their participation, reinforcing availability to clarify doubts, and encouraging students to continue exploring and learning about addition and subtraction. They also emphasize the importance of practicing the learned skills, as practice is essential for improving in mathematics.