Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Identify the Moon phases: Students should be able to recognize and identify at least three of the main Moon phases: Full Moon, New Moon, and First Quarter/Last Quarter. To do this, they will use visual resources, such as images and three-dimensional models of the Moon.

2. Relate the Moon phases to the monthly cycle: Students should understand that the Moon phases are directly linked to the monthly cycle. They will be encouraged to make this connection through practical activities and classroom discussions.

3. Apply the acquired knowledge: Students will be encouraged to apply what they have learned about the Moon phases in practical situations. This may include night sky observations, drawings of lunar phases in an observation diary, or even the creation of a three-dimensional model of the lunar cycle.

Secondary Objectives:

• Develop observation skills: Through the proposed activities, students will be encouraged to observe the world around them, particularly the night sky, and to identify patterns and changes.

• Promote critical thinking: Students will be encouraged to ask questions, formulate hypotheses, and seek answers through observation and experimentation. This will promote the development of critical thinking and scientific curiosity.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Reviewing content: The teacher starts the lesson by reviewing what the students have already learned about the Solar System and the Moon. He may ask them what they remember about the Moon and its characteristics, such as the fact that it does not have its own light, but reflects the light of the Sun. This initial review will set the stage for the introduction of the new concept - the Moon phases.

2. Problem situation: The teacher proposes two situations that raise questions about the Moon phases. The first situation could be: "Have you ever noticed that sometimes the Moon looks full, and other times we only see part of it? Why do you think this happens?". The second situation: "If you had to draw how the Moon looks tonight, what would the drawing be like? And if it were a week from now, how would it be?". These situations will arouse the students' curiosity and motivate them to learn more about the Moon phases.

3. Contextualization: The teacher explains that understanding the Moon phases is important not only for astronomers but also for farmers and fishermen, who use the Moon phases to plan their activities. He can give examples, such as the fact that during the Full Moon, the night becomes brighter, which facilitates night fishing.

4. Introducing the topic: To introduce the topic of Moon phases, the teacher can share two curiosities about the subject. The first curiosity could be: "Did you know that, in ancient times, people used the Moon phases to know when to plant and harvest? They believed that the Moon influenced plant growth!". The second curiosity: "Have you ever heard of the expression 'Honeymoon'? It originated because, in the past, newlyweds used to spend the first month of marriage drinking a kind of mead, a type of wine, made with honey. And this first month of marriage coincided with the Moon cycle. That's why this period became known as 'Honeymoon'!".

5. Capturing students' attention: To capture students' attention, the teacher can show images of different Moon phases and ask: "Can you guess what these images represent?". He can then explain that these are the different Moon phases and that they will learn more about them during the lesson.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

Activity 1: "Moon Cycle" (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Preparation: The teacher divides the class into groups of four or five students and distributes to each group a large sheet of paper, pencils, and crayons in various colors. On the sheet, the teacher draws a large circle to represent the Moon.

2. Description: The teacher explains that the students' task is to draw the different Moon phases in the cycle of a month. The teacher will guide them in creating a model of lunar phases that can be easily manipulated. Each group will draw the Full Moon, First Quarter, Last Quarter, and New Moon on their sheet. The teacher will walk around the room, guiding and clarifying doubts.

3. Execution: The students start drawing the Moon phases, using colors to differentiate the phases. Meanwhile, the teacher reinforces the importance of understanding that the Moon does not change shape, but that the different phases are seen from Earth due to the relative position between the Moon, the Sun, and the Earth.

Activity 2: "Moon Flip" (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Preparation: The teacher prepares a series of cards in advance with simple drawings representing the Moon phases. He also brings some coins to the classroom. Each card is glued to a coin, forming "lunar coins".

2. Description: The teacher explains that, in this activity, students will play "Moon Flip" to try to guess which Moon phase is represented on the coin. They will have to say whether it is Full Moon, New Moon, First Quarter, or Last Quarter.

3. Execution: The teacher distributes the "lunar coins" to the student groups. Each student flips their coin and tries to guess the Moon phase. The teacher encourages the students to justify their choices, promoting critical thinking and careful observation. The teacher circulates around the room, assisting and clarifying doubts.

Activity 3: "Lunar Observation Diary" (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Preparation: The teacher distributes to each student a "Lunar Observation Diary", which is a sheet of paper with a large Moon drawn in the center and space around for notes and drawings.

2. Description: The teacher explains that, for a month, the students will observe the Moon every night (if the weather permits) and draw in their "Lunar Observation Diary" how the Moon appears that night. In addition to the drawing, they should note the date and the Moon phase (Full, New, Waxing, or Waning).

3. Execution: The teacher encourages the students to take the "Lunar Observation Diary" home and carry out the activity with the help of their parents or guardians. During the lesson, the students share their observations and drawings with the class, discussing the changes and patterns they noticed.

NOTE: The teacher can choose one, two, or all activities, depending on the available time and the pace of the class.

Feedback (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Group discussion (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher gathers all the students and promotes a group discussion. Each group is invited to share their discoveries and conclusions. The teacher asks questions like: "What did you notice when observing the different Moon phases? Do the Moon phases follow a pattern? How do you know in which phase the Moon is?"

2. Connection with theory (3 - 4 minutes): After hearing the students' observations, the teacher makes the connection with the theory, reinforcing the concept that the Moon phases are the result of the relative position between the Moon, the Earth, and the Sun. He can use the students' drawings, the "Moon Cycle" model, and the "lunar coins" to illustrate this explanation.

3. Reflection on learning (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher then proposes that the students reflect on what they have learned. He asks two simple questions: "What surprised you the most about the Moon phases?" and "How can you apply what you learned today in your lives?". The students have a minute to think about their answers.

4. Teacher's feedback (2 - 3 minutes): Finally, the teacher provides feedback to the students, praising their observations and efforts during the activities. He reinforces the most important concepts and highlights the importance of continuing to observe the sky and learn about the universe.

Feedback is a crucial stage of the lesson plan, as it allows the teacher to assess the students' understanding, correct possible misconceptions, and consolidate learning. Additionally, it promotes self-assessment and critical thinking skills, essential for their academic and personal development.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Content summary (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher recaps the main ideas and concepts covered during the lesson. He reinforces that the Moon does not have its own light, but reflects the light of the Sun, and that the different Moon phases are the result of the relative position between the Moon, the Earth, and the Sun. The teacher can use the students' drawings, models, and observations to illustrate and reinforce these concepts.

2. Connection to practice (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher explains how the practical activities carried out in the classroom helped the students better understand the Moon phases. He emphasizes that the manipulation of models, direct observation, and group discussion are effective strategies for active and meaningful learning.

3. Extra materials (1 minute): The teacher suggests some extra materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge of the Moon phases. These materials may include children's books on the topic, educational documentaries, interactive websites, and astronomical observation apps. The teacher may also recommend that students continue to observe the Moon and record their observations in their "Lunar Observation Diaries".

4. Importance of the subject (1 - 2 minutes): Finally, the teacher highlights the importance of understanding the Moon phases. He explains that this knowledge is not only interesting from a scientific point of view but also has practical applications. For example, farmers and fishermen still use the Moon phases to plan their activities today. Additionally, understanding the Moon phases helps to appreciate the beauty of the night sky and to awaken curiosity and interest in the sciences.

The conclusion is a crucial stage of the lesson plan, as it allows the teacher to consolidate the students' learning, reinforce the importance of the topic, and motivate them to continue learning. Additionally, it provides students with a moment of reflection, in which they can evaluate what they have learned and how they can apply that knowledge in their lives.