Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the internal and external structure of the Earth, identifying the layers that compose it:

   • Identify the Earth's crust, mantle, and core.
   • Understand the characteristics and importance of each of these layers.

2. Recognize the importance of the atmosphere for life on Earth:

   • Identify the components of the atmosphere.
   • Understand the functions and importance of the atmosphere for life on Earth.

3. Understand the role of the lithosphere in the formation of Earth's relief:

   • Identify the main types of Earth's relief.
   • Understand how the lithosphere acts in the formation of these reliefs.

Secondary Objectives:

• Develop critical and analytical thinking skills by relating acquired knowledge to the real world.
• Stimulate curiosity and interest in science and the study of Earth.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous contents (3 - 5 minutes):

   • The teacher should start the lesson by reminding students about the concepts of matter, physical states of matter, and the difference between substances and mixtures. These concepts are fundamental for understanding the study of Earth.

2. Problem situations (3 - 5 minutes):

   • The teacher can propose two situations that challenge students to think about the theme of the lesson. For example:
     • "Why do we feel hotter when we are at the beach during the day than at night?"
     • "Why are there earthquakes and volcanoes in some regions of the planet, but not in others?"
   • These questions are meant to spark students' curiosity and prepare them for the content Introduction.

3. Contextualization (2 - 3 minutes):

   • Next, the teacher should contextualize the importance of studying Earth, explaining how knowledge about the internal structure, atmosphere, and lithosphere influences natural phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanoes, climate changes, among others. Additionally, the teacher can highlight how this knowledge is important for the exploration and preservation of the planet.

4. Introduction to the topic (2 - 3 minutes):

   • To capture students' attention, the teacher can share some curiosities about Earth, such as:
     • "Did you know that the Earth's crust, the outermost layer of Earth, is thinner than an eggshell compared to the planet's total size?"
     • "And that the atmosphere, this invisible layer of air that surrounds us, functions to protect Earth from intense solar rays and to maintain the ideal temperature for life as we know it?"
   • These curiosities can serve as triggers for the presentation of the lesson content.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Internal structure of Earth:

   • Theory (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should explain that Earth is composed of three main layers: the crust, the mantle, and the core. The crust is the outermost and thinnest layer, mainly composed of rocks and soil. The mantle, the intermediate layer, is composed of semi-rigid rocks that can move slowly over geological time. The core is the innermost layer, mainly composed of iron and nickel, and is the source of Earth's magnetic field.
   • Practice (3 - 5 minutes): To reinforce learning, the teacher can use a styrofoam ball model to represent Earth. The outer styrofoam represents the crust, a layer of clay would represent the mantle, and a metal sphere in the center would represent the core.

2. Atmosphere:

   • Theory (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should explain that the atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds Earth. The main components of the atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), and other gases in smaller quantities. The atmosphere performs many functions, including protecting Earth from harmful solar rays, regulating temperature, and sustaining life.
   • Practice (3 - 5 minutes): To illustrate the importance of the atmosphere, the teacher can conduct a simple experiment. They can fill a balloon with carbon dioxide, another with oxygen, and a third one with normal air. Then, they can place a lit candle near each of the balloons. The balloon with carbon dioxide will extinguish the candle quickly, the balloon with oxygen will make the candle ignite quickly, and the balloon with normal air will keep the candle burning for a longer time. This illustrates the importance of the different components of the atmosphere for life on Earth.

3. Lithosphere and Earth's Relief:

   • Theory (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher should explain that the lithosphere is the outermost solid layer of Earth, which includes the Earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle. It is divided into several tectonic plates that move slowly over geological time, causing earthquakes and the formation of mountains. The teacher should then introduce the main types of Earth's relief, such as mountains, plains, plateaus, and depressions.
   • Practice (3 - 5 minutes): To reinforce the concept, the teacher can use a world map or a globe and ask students to identify the main mountain ranges, plains, and other geographical features. This will allow students to see the relationship between the distribution of Earth's relief and the movement of tectonic plates.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group discussion (3 - 4 minutes):

   • The teacher should gather all students in a circle and promote a group discussion about the concepts learned. Each student should share their insights, answers, and conclusions about the questions and problem situations presented at the beginning of the lesson.
   • The teacher should encourage students to explain the concepts in their own words, promoting the construction of meanings and the development of oral communication skills.

2. Connection to the real world (2 - 3 minutes):

   • The teacher should then guide students to relate what they have learned to the real world. They can ask questions like:
     • "How can knowledge about Earth's internal structure help us understand the occurrence of earthquakes and volcanoes?"
     • "How does the atmosphere protect us from solar rays and regulate the planet's temperature, contributing to the maintenance of life as we know it?"
     • "How does the movement of tectonic plates influence the formation of Earth's reliefs that we observe on our planet?"
   • The teacher should encourage students to think critically and make connections between the concepts learned and the phenomena they observe in the world around them.

3. Individual reflection (2 - 3 minutes):

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher should propose a moment of individual reflection. They can ask questions like:
     • "What was the most important concept you learned today?"
     • "What questions have not been answered yet?"
   • The teacher should give a minute for students to think about these questions, and then ask for some volunteers to share their answers.
   • This reflection activity will help students consolidate what they have learned and identify any gaps in their understanding, which the teacher can address in future lessons.

4. Teacher's feedback (1 minute):

   • Finally, the teacher should provide overall feedback on the class's participation and performance during the lesson, praising strengths and pointing out areas for improvement. This will help motivate students and guide their independent study.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of contents (2 - 3 minutes):

   • The teacher should summarize the main points covered during the lesson, reinforcing the internal and external structure of Earth, the composition and functions of the atmosphere, and the role of the lithosphere in the formation of Earth's relief.
   • They can use a diagram of Earth, a scheme of the atmosphere, and an image representing the main types of Earth's relief to visualize and reaffirm the concepts.

2. Connection between theory, practice, and applications (1 - 2 minutes):

   • The teacher should highlight how the lesson connected theory, practice, and applications. They can explain how the theory provided the conceptual basis for understanding practical activities, such as the experiment with the balloons, and how these concepts apply to the real world, such as in the occurrence of earthquakes and the formation of Earth's relief.

3. Extra materials (1 - 2 minutes):

   • The teacher should suggest additional materials for students to deepen their understanding of the subject. It could be books, videos, documentaries, educational websites, among others. For example:
     • Book: "Earth - The planet's story told by a geologist" by Haroldo Marques.
     • Video: "The incredible story of our planet" (Available on YouTube).
     • Website: NASA's Climate Kids (https://climatekids.nasa.gov/). An educational website from NASA that explores climate, atmosphere, and climate change concepts in a fun and interactive way.

4. Importance of the subject (1 minute):

   • Finally, the teacher should emphasize the importance of studying Earth for students' daily lives. They can explain how knowledge about Earth's internal structure, atmosphere, and lithosphere is essential to understand and predict natural phenomena, such as earthquakes and climate changes. Additionally, they can highlight how this knowledge is important for the exploration and preservation of our planet.