Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understanding Formal Style: Students should be able to define and understand what a formal writing style is, recognizing its characteristics and components. They should be able to distinguish formal writing from other styles, such as informal or creative writing.

2. Applying Formal Style in Writing: Students should be able to apply the rules and guidelines of formal writing style in their own compositions. They should learn to use appropriate vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and structure to convey their ideas formally and professionally.

3. Analyzing Formal Style Texts: Students should be able to identify and analyze formal style texts, such as essays, reports, and business letters. They should be able to explain how the author's use of formal style enhances the clarity, coherence, and professionalism of the text.

Secondary Objectives:

• Developing Critical Thinking: Through the process of analyzing formal style texts, students will develop their critical thinking skills. They will learn to evaluate the effectiveness of the author's use of formal style and apply these insights to their own writing.

• Improving Writing Skills: By practicing formal writing style, students will improve their overall writing skills, including grammar, vocabulary, and sentence structure. They will also learn to express their ideas more clearly and professionally.

Introduction (10 - 12 minutes)

1. Content Recap and Connection to New Material: The teacher begins the lesson by reminding students of the basic rules of grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure they have learned so far. The teacher then relates these rules to the concept of formal writing style, explaining how these rules are particularly important in formal writing. For instance, the teacher may mention that in formal writing, it is crucial to avoid contractions, slang, and colloquial expressions. The teacher should ensure that students understand that formal writing is often used in academic, professional, and legal contexts.

2. Problem Situations as Starters: The teacher can propose two problem situations to engage the students and introduce the topic. The first situation could be asking the students how they would write an email to a potential employer applying for a job. The second situation could be asking the students to imagine they are writing a report for their school principal about a recent school event. The teacher then explains that in both situations, they would need to use a formal writing style to convey their ideas professionally and effectively.

3. Real-World Applications: The teacher emphasizes the importance of formal writing style in real-world situations. They can mention that in their future careers, students will likely have to write formal documents such as business reports, project proposals, and academic papers. The teacher can also highlight that even in everyday life, formal writing skills are essential for tasks like writing a cover letter, sending a professional email, or even filling out a job application.

4. Topic Introduction and Curiosities: The teacher introduces the topic of formal writing style, explaining that it is a specific way of writing that is clear, concise, and professional. The teacher can share a curiosity or interesting fact to pique the students' interest. For instance, the teacher might mention that the first known legal document written in English, the "Laws of Aethelberht," dating back to the 7th century, is an example of formal writing style.

5. Lesson Overview: The teacher provides an overview of the lesson, explaining that students will first learn about the characteristics and components of formal writing style. They will then practice applying these rules in their own writing and analyzing how formal style is used in various texts.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

Activity 1: Formal Writing Style Detective (8 - 10 minutes)

1. The teacher divides the class into small groups and gives each group a set of different texts. These texts could include an extract from a novel, a personal email, a business letter, a scientific report, and a news article. The texts should vary in complexity and formality.
2. The students' task is to identify the text that uses a formal writing style, based on the characteristics they've learned. They can use highlighters or pens to mark the formal elements in the text.
3. After identifying the formal text, students should discuss within their group why they consider it to be formal, focusing on the vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and structure used in the text.
4. One representative from each group shares their findings with the class, explaining why they chose the text they did and what formal elements they identified.
5. The teacher provides feedback, clarifying any misconceptions and highlighting the correct identification of formal elements.

Activity 2: Formal vs. Informal Role Play (8 - 10 minutes)

1. The teacher instructs each group to prepare a short role play scenario that involves a formal and an informal conversation. For example, one student could be a job applicant and another a potential employer for the formal scenario. For the informal scenario, they could be friends planning a weekend trip.
2. The students should write down their conversations, ensuring that the formal one uses appropriate vocabulary, grammar, and tone, while the informal one can have slang, colloquial expressions, and a more relaxed tone.
3. After preparing their role plays, each group performs them in front of the class.
4. The rest of the class acts as "style detectives" this time, trying to identify which conversation is formal and which is informal.
5. After all groups have performed, a discussion ensues about how the formality or informality of the language used in the scenarios affected the communication.

Activity 3: Formally Yours (4 - 5 minutes)

1. The teacher gives each student a different scenario where they need to write a formal letter. Scenarios could include writing a complaint letter to a company, a letter of recommendation for a colleague, or a letter of apology to a teacher.
2. The students are given a set amount of time to write their letters, ensuring they use the appropriate formal writing style.
3. Once the time is up, the teacher collects the letters and uses them as a formative assessment to understand each student's understanding of formal writing style.
4. The teacher provides feedback on the letters, pointing out the strengths and areas for improvement in each student's use of formal writing style.

By the end of these activities, students should have a good understanding of the characteristics of formal writing style and be able to apply this knowledge in their own writing and analysis of texts. They should also have engaged in active learning and collaborative problem-solving, which will enhance their understanding and retention of the material.

Feedback (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussions (3 - 4 minutes per group): The teacher facilitates a group discussion where each group has the opportunity to share their solutions or conclusions from the activities. Each group is given up to 4 minutes to present their findings. The students are encouraged to explain their thought process, the strategies they used, and the challenges they faced during the activities. The teacher ensures that all students have a chance to participate and that the discussions remain focused on the lesson objectives.

2. Connecting Practice with Theory (2 - 3 minutes): After all groups have presented, the teacher summarizes the main points and draws connections between the students' findings and the theoretical aspects of the lesson. For instance, the teacher might point out how the characteristics of formal writing style that the students identified in Activity 1 align with the rules of grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure they learned in the theory part of the lesson. The teacher can also highlight how the students' understanding of formal writing style, as demonstrated in their role plays and letter writing in Activities 2 and 3, will help them in real-world situations, such as writing a professional email or a job application.

3. Reflection (3 - 4 minutes): The teacher then asks the students to take a moment to reflect on the lesson and answer the following questions:

   • What was the most important concept you learned today?
   • What questions do you still have about formal writing style?
   • How will you apply what you learned today in your future writing?

4. Addressing Remaining Questions: The teacher collects the students' reflections and uses them to gauge the students' understanding of the lesson. The teacher then addresses any remaining questions or misconceptions, providing further clarification or examples as needed. This feedback stage is crucial for the students to consolidate their learning, reflect on their progress, and identify areas for improvement.

By the end of the feedback stage, the students should have a clear understanding of formal writing style and how it applies in real-world contexts. They should also feel more confident in their ability to use formal writing style in their own compositions and to analyze the formal style of other texts.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary and Recap (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher concludes the lesson by summarizing the main points and recapping the key concepts learned. The teacher reminds students that formal writing style is a way of writing that is clear, concise, and professional, and that it is characterized by the use of appropriate vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and structure. The teacher also emphasizes that the ability to identify, apply, and analyze formal writing style is a crucial skill for academic, professional, and personal communication.

2. Connection of Theory, Practice, and Application (1 - 2 minutes): The teacher highlights how the lesson connected theory, practice, and application. The teacher explains that the theoretical part of the lesson provided the foundational knowledge about formal writing style, while the practical activities allowed students to apply this knowledge in a hands-on, collaborative, and engaging manner. The teacher also emphasizes that the real-world applications discussed throughout the lesson demonstrated the relevance and importance of formal writing style in everyday life and future careers.

3. Additional Materials (1 minute): To further reinforce the students' understanding of formal writing style, the teacher suggests additional materials for self-study. These materials could include online resources on formal writing style, exercises and quizzes on formal writing style, and examples of formal style texts for analysis. The teacher can also recommend books or websites that provide guidance on professional writing and business communication.

4. Importance of the Topic (1 - 2 minutes): Finally, the teacher reiterates the importance of the topic for everyday life and future career success. The teacher emphasizes that the ability to write formally and professionally is a valuable skill that can open doors to various opportunities, from academic achievements to job promotions. The teacher underscores that even in personal communication, the skill to express oneself clearly and professionally can enhance relationships and avoid misunderstandings. The teacher concludes by encouraging the students to continue practicing and refining their formal writing skills, as it is a skill that will benefit them throughout their lives.

By the end of the conclusion stage, the students should have a comprehensive understanding of formal writing style, its application, and its importance. They should also feel motivated and equipped to continue honing their formal writing skills.