Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the Fundamentals of Geography: Students should be able to identify and explain the main concepts of geography, such as geographical space, landscape, place, region, and territory. They should understand the importance of these concepts for the study of geography and how they interconnect.

2. Analyze and Interpret Maps and Charts: Students should develop skills to analyze and interpret maps and geographical charts. This includes understanding the different types of maps, symbols, and conventions used, as well as the ability to identify and locate different elements on the map.

3. Recognize the Diversity of Geographical Space: Students should be able to recognize the diversity of geographical space, both regarding nature (such as different types of landscapes and ecosystems) and human action (such as different forms of occupation, production, and organization of space).

   • Secondary Objectives:
     • Develop spatial thinking and critical analysis skills.
     • Stimulate curiosity and interest in geography and the world around us.
     • Promote understanding and respect for cultural and environmental diversity.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the lesson by reviewing the geography concepts already studied, such as latitude, longitude, hemispheres, continents, and oceans. This review is crucial for students to understand the new content that will be presented. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem Situation 1: Next, the teacher can propose the following situation: "Imagine you are planning a trip to a country you have never visited before. How would you orient yourself in this new place? What information would you consider important for your planning?". This will serve to arouse the students' interest and introduce the topic of study: the importance of maps and charts in Geography. (3 - 5 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher should highlight the importance of Geography in our daily lives, showing how it helps us understand and interact with the world around us. For example, one can talk about how Geography influences the climate, vegetation, fauna, flora, and cultures of different regions of the world. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Curiosity 1: To spark students' curiosity, the teacher can share the curiosity that the largest country in the world in terms of territorial area is Russia, which has over 17 million square kilometers. This is almost double the size of the second largest country, Canada, which has about 9.9 million square kilometers. (1 - 2 minutes)

5. General Theory: Finally, the teacher should introduce the topic of the lesson: the fundamentals of Geography. It should be explained that Geography studies the relationship between man and space, and for that, it uses various tools, such as maps and charts. It should be emphasized that Geography is not only about places and maps, but also about people, cultures, economies, and how all these aspects interact in space. (2 - 3 minutes)

6. Problem Situation 2: To conclude the Introduction, the teacher can propose the following situation: "Imagine you are a geographer and have been tasked with studying the region where our school is located. What information do you think would be important for your study?". This situation will help prepare students for the practical activity that will be carried out during the lesson. (1 - 2 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity 1 - Board Game "Unveiling Geography" (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Preparation: The teacher must prepare in advance a board game that represents the geographical space. The board should be divided into different regions, each representing a type of landscape (forest, desert, mountain, city, etc.). In addition, the teacher must prepare question and challenge cards, which will guide the game. The questions and challenges should address the concepts of geographical space, landscape, place, region, and territory.

   • How to play: Students should be divided into groups of 4 to 5 members. Each group chooses a marker and places it on the first square of the board. The group rolls a die and advances the number of squares indicated. When a group lands on a region, they must draw a corresponding question or challenge card for that region and try to answer it or perform it. If they answer correctly, they continue the game. If they answer incorrectly, they lose their turn. The game continues until a group reaches the last square of the board.

   • Objective: The objective of the game is not only to entertain, but also to reinforce the understanding of Geography concepts in a playful and interactive way. In addition, the game also helps develop teamwork skills, strategic thinking, and problem-solving.

2. Activity 2 - Analysis of Maps and Charts (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Preparation: The teacher must prepare a series of maps and geographical charts. The maps should be of different types (political, physical, thematic, etc.) and the charts should represent different regions of the world.

   • How to do: Students, still in groups, should receive a map or chart. They must analyze the map or chart and answer a series of questions, such as: "What type of map or chart is this?", "What are the main elements represented?", "What can you infer about the region represented from this map or chart?".

   • Objective: The objective of this activity is to develop students' ability to analyze and interpret maps and geographical charts, as well as to identify and locate different elements on the map. In addition, the activity also helps reinforce Geography concepts in a practical and concrete way.

3. Activity 3 - Virtual Fieldwork (5 - 8 minutes)

   • Preparation: The teacher must prepare a list of questions and tasks related to the region where the school is located. The questions and tasks should address Geography concepts, such as geographical space, landscape, place, region, and territory.

   • How to do: Students, still in groups, must answer the questions and perform the tasks. For example, a question could be: "What is the predominant type of landscape in the region where the school is located?". A task could be: "Draw a map of the region where the school is located, indicating the main elements (streets, squares, parks, etc.)".

   • Objective: The objective of this activity is to have students apply Geography concepts to a real and familiar context, thus developing a deeper and more meaningful understanding of the concepts. In addition, the activity also helps develop observation skills and data collection and analysis.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 5 minutes)

   • Preparation: The teacher should organize a moment for each group to share the solutions or conclusions they reached during the activities.
   • How to do: Each group will have a maximum of 3 minutes to present their answers or conclusions. During the presentations, the other groups and the teacher should pay attention to ask questions, clarify doubts, or provide constructive feedback.
   • Objective: The objective of this activity is to promote the exchange of ideas and debate among students, as well as to allow the teacher to assess students' understanding of the concepts covered.

2. Connection with Theory (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Preparation: The teacher should prepare a brief summary of the main theoretical concepts addressed during the lesson.
   • How to do: The teacher should review the concepts, connecting them with the solutions or conclusions presented by the groups. For example, the teacher can say: "Do you remember we talked about the diversity of geographical space? How did you perceive this diversity during the analysis of maps and charts?".
   • Objective: The objective of this activity is to reinforce theoretical concepts, showing students how they apply in practice.

3. Individual Reflection (2 minutes)

   • Preparation: The teacher should propose that students reflect, individually, on what they learned in the lesson.
   • How to do: The teacher should ask questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?", "What questions have not been answered yet?".
   • Objective: The objective of this activity is to have students internalize what they learned, identify their doubts, and reflect on the learning process.

4. Sharing Reflections (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Preparation: The teacher should suggest that students share their reflections with the class, if they feel comfortable.
   • How to do: Students who wish to can share their answers to the reflection questions with the class. The teacher should listen attentively and, if necessary, make comments or clarify doubts.
   • Objective: The objective of this activity is to allow students to express their doubts and difficulties, thus promoting an open and welcoming learning environment. In addition, sharing reflections can help other students reflect on what they learned.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Lesson Summary (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should summarize the main points covered during the lesson, reinforcing the concepts of geographical space, landscape, place, region, and territory, and the importance of analyzing maps and charts in Geography.
   • In addition, the teacher should highlight the main conclusions or solutions found by students during the practical activities, and how they connect with the theory.
   • The teacher can also take this opportunity to clarify any remaining doubts.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should reinforce the importance of connecting theory with practice, and how this was done during the lesson.
   • The teacher should also highlight how the concepts and skills learned in the lesson can be applied in students' daily lives. For example, the ability to analyze and interpret maps and charts can be useful for orienting oneself in a new place, understanding news about international conflicts, or planning a trip.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should suggest some extra study materials for students who wish to deepen their knowledge on the subject. These materials may include books, websites, documentaries, educational games, among others.
   • For example, the teacher can suggest that students explore Google Earth, a computer program that allows exploring the Earth in detail, and which can be a useful tool to understand Geography concepts.

4. Importance of the Subject for Daily Life (1 minute)

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher should emphasize the importance of Geography in daily life.
   • For example, the teacher can talk about how Geography helps us understand and interact with the world around us, how it influences the climate, vegetation, fauna, flora, and cultures of different regions of the world, and how it helps us understand global issues, such as population distribution, migration, globalization, among others.
   • The teacher can also highlight the importance of respecting and valuing cultural and environmental diversity, which are central themes of Geography.