Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of the third law of Newton and its application in the dynamics of bodies, realizing that for every action there is a reaction of the same intensity, same direction, and opposite senses.
2. Identify and analyze everyday situations and experiments that can represent Newton's third law, developing the ability to apply theoretical knowledge in practice.
3. Develop critical thinking and logic skills by relating Newton's third law to previous laws, realizing that all are interdependent and essential for a complete understanding of body behavior.

Secondary Objectives:

• Stimulate active student participation through reflective questions and group discussions, promoting the exchange of ideas and the collective construction of knowledge.
• Promote interdisciplinary connections by relating the concepts of Newton's third law to mathematics and other natural sciences, strengthening the overall understanding of the physical world.
• Encourage research and independent study, suggesting complementary materials for further exploration of the topic and preparing students for the next lesson.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Concepts: The teacher starts the lesson by reviewing the concepts of Newton's laws previously studied, especially the First and Second Laws, which will be fundamental for understanding the Third Law. This review can be done through a quick classroom discussion, recalling practical examples and contextualizing with the students' daily lives.

2. Problem-Solving Situations: Next, the teacher presents two problem-solving situations to stimulate students' critical thinking:

   • Situation 1: Why do we feel a force in the opposite direction on our body when we push an object?
   • Situation 2: How can a person jump from a boat to the dock without the boat moving away?

3. Contextualization: The teacher contextualizes the importance of Newton's Third Law, explaining that this law is essential to understand various everyday situations, from the operation of machines and vehicles to the occurrence of natural phenomena, such as a bird's flight or a rocket's movement.

4. Topic Introduction: To spark students' interest, the teacher can present the following curiosities and stories:

   • Curiosity 1: The teacher can mention that Newton's Third Law was formulated by him after observing the movement of a hot air balloon. He noticed that when releasing the hot air, the balloon moved in the opposite direction. This was one of the first experiments that led to the formulation of the third law.
   • Curiosity 2: The teacher can tell the story of how Newton's Third Law was applied to design the space shuttle. Engineers had to take into account the reaction of the rocket launch and the recovery of the boosters to ensure the safety and efficiency of the flight.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Explanation of Newton's Third Law (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher begins developing the topic by explaining Newton's Third Law: 'For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.' They can use practical and everyday examples to make the explanation more understandable, such as:

   • When pushing a wall with force, we feel the discomfort of the force it exerts on our body, which is the reaction to our action.
   • When throwing a ball against a wall, the ball returns in the opposite direction with the same force and speed that we pushed it.

2. Discussion on Action and Reaction (5 - 7 minutes): The teacher then discusses the simultaneous nature of action and reaction, emphasizing that they occur at the same time and do not cancel each other out, as they act on different bodies. To reinforce this concept, the teacher can propose the following activity:

   • Students can pair up and perform a simple experiment. One student holds a book in their hand, while the other hits the bottom page with a spoon. The student holding the book will feel the impact reaction on the hand holding the book, demonstrating Newton's third law.

3. Practical Exercises on Newton's Third Law (5 - 7 minutes): After the discussion, the teacher presents a series of practical exercises for students to solve in groups. The exercises should involve identifying the action and reaction in different situations. Some examples of exercises could be:

   • Identifying the action and reaction when a person walks.
   • Identifying the action and reaction in a moving car.
   • Identifying the action and reaction in a kicked ball.

4. Application of Newton's Third Law in Dynamics (5 - 7 minutes): Finally, the teacher applies Newton's Third Law in dynamics, explaining how it influences the movement of bodies. They can use the example of a rocket's thrust to illustrate how action and reaction can be used to generate movement. Additionally, the teacher can mention the importance of the Third Law in accident prevention, such as in the case of a car braking suddenly, where the brake action is the reaction that prevents the car from continuing in motion.

Throughout the Development, the teacher should encourage active student participation, asking them to share their answers and observations and promoting group discussions. They should also correct any misunderstandings and provide immediate feedback to ensure that students are understanding the content.

Return (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Concepts Review (3 - 5 minutes): The teacher should start the Return stage by revisiting the main concepts of the lesson. They can do this interactively by asking students to summarize what they have learned and how they would apply Newton's Third Law in different situations. This not only helps to consolidate the acquired knowledge but also provides the teacher with immediate feedback on students' understanding.

2. Connection to Practice (3 - 5 minutes): Next, the teacher should reinforce the connection between theory and practice by revisiting the examples and exercises discussed during the lesson and highlighting how they illustrate the application of Newton's Third Law. For example, the teacher can ask students how they could apply the concept of Newton's Third Law in everyday situations, such as riding a bike, playing soccer, or even playing with a yo-yo. This not only helps to consolidate students' understanding but also encourages them to think critically about how physics applies to the world around them.

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher then asks students to reflect individually on what they have learned. They can do this by asking questions like:

   • What was the most important concept you learned today?
   • What questions have not been answered yet?

   This individual reflection allows students to assess their own learning and identify any areas that they may not have fully understood. Additionally, it gives the teacher a clear idea of what needs to be reinforced in future lessons.

4. Feedback and Closure (2 - 3 minutes): Finally, the teacher should gather feedback from students about the lesson. They can do this anonymously by asking students to write on a piece of paper one thing they liked about the lesson, one thing they did not like, and one thing they would like to learn more about. The teacher can use this feedback to make adjustments in future lessons and ensure that students' needs and interests are met. To conclude the lesson, the teacher should summarize the main points and give a brief teaser of what will be covered in the next lesson.

The Return is a crucial part of the lesson, as it allows both the teacher and students to assess progress and ensure that learning objectives have been achieved. Additionally, it helps to build a collaborative and student-centered learning environment, where feedback is valued and used to continuously improve the quality of teaching and learning.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes): The teacher should summarize the main points covered in the lesson, reaffirming the definition and importance of Newton's Third Law, as well as how it applies in everyday life and body dynamics. It is a moment to recall the practical examples and activities carried out, connecting them back to the theory.

2. Connection of Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes): Next, the teacher should reinforce the connection between theory, practice, and applications. For example, they can recap the experiments conducted and how they demonstrated Newton's Third Law in practice. Additionally, the teacher can revisit the discussed everyday situations, reinforcing how understanding Newton's Third Law can help us understand and explain these situations.

3. Supplementary Materials (1 minute): The teacher can suggest supplementary study materials for students who wish to deepen their understanding of the topic. These may include books, videos, websites, and experiments related to Newton's Third Law. For instance, they may recommend an animated video that explains Newton's Third Law in a playful way, or a book that explores the law in more detail. It is important that these materials are accessible to students and can be explored autonomously.

4. Relevance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes): Finally, the teacher should reinforce the relevance of the subject presented, explaining how Newton's Third Law is fundamental to understanding the world around us. For example, they may mention that Newton's Third Law is the basis for understanding various technologies, such as the operation of car and airplane engines, and even natural phenomena, such as bird flight. Additionally, the teacher can emphasize that understanding Newton's Third Law can help students improve their problem-solving and critical thinking skills, which are valuable skills in many aspects of life.

The Conclusion is a crucial moment to consolidate learning and encourage students to continue exploring the topic. By connecting theory to practice, by reinforcing the relevance of the topic, and by suggesting supplementary materials, the teacher helps ensure that students have a solid understanding of Newton's Third Law and are motivated to continue learning about the subject.