Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Knowledge of the Excretory System: The main objective is for students to acquire a deep understanding of the Excretory System. They should be able to identify the organs that make up the system, their functions, and how they relate to maintain the balance of the human body.

2. Understanding Excretion Processes: Students should understand the excretion processes, including urine production, water and nutrient reabsorption, and waste elimination. They should be able to describe these processes in detail, explaining how they occur in the different organs of the excretory system.

3. Connection between the Excretory System and General Health: Finally, students should be able to connect the proper functioning of the excretory system to the overall health of the human body. They should understand how the failure or malfunction of the excretory system can lead to diseases and health complications.

   Secondary Objectives:

   • Research and Communication Skills: During the study and preparation process for the lesson, students should develop research and communication skills, as they will be responsible for seeking information about the excretory system and sharing their findings with the class.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher should start the lesson by reviewing the content that was previously studied and is relevant to the understanding of the Excretory System. This may include a review of the circulatory and digestive systems, as these are closely related to the excretory system. The teacher can do this through questions and brief discussions with the students. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem Situations: Next, the teacher should present two problem situations that will serve as a trigger for the introduction of new content. The situations may be:

   • "Why do we need to go to the bathroom? What happens to what we ingest and no longer need?"
   • "What would happen if our body was unable to eliminate toxins and waste?" Students should be encouraged to think about these questions and share their assumptions and prior knowledge. (3 - 5 minutes)

3. Contextualization of the Importance of the Excretory System: The teacher should then contextualize the importance of the Excretory System, explaining how it contributes to the overall health of the body and how malfunctioning can lead to diseases and complications. Examples of diseases that may be mentioned include kidney failure, kidney stones, and urinary tract infections. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Introduction to the Topic with Curiosities: To capture the students' attention, the teacher can share some curiosities or interesting facts about the Excretory System. For example:

   • "Did you know that, on average, we produce about 1.5 liters of urine per day? This can vary depending on many factors, such as the amount of water we drink and the physical activity we engage in."
   • "Did you know that the color of your urine can tell a lot about your health? Normal urine should be light yellow. If it is very dark, it may be a sign that you are not drinking enough water. If it is of abnormal color, it may be a sign that something is wrong in your body." These curiosities can serve to arouse the students' interest and prepare them for a more in-depth study of the Excretory System. (2 - 3 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity 1 - Building a Model of the Excretory System: (10 - 12 minutes)

   • The teacher should divide the class into groups of 4 to 5 students. Each group will receive materials such as paper, straws, string, balloons, among others.
   • The students' task will be to build a three-dimensional model of the Excretory System. They should represent the main organs of the system (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra) and how they connect.
   • While the students build their models, the teacher should circulate around the room, asking questions to encourage discussion and deepen the students' understanding of the topic.
   • At the end of the activity, each group should present their model to the class, explaining the function of each part and how they work together to eliminate waste from the body.

2. Activity 2 - "Urine Path" Game: (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Still in groups, students will participate in a board game called "Urine Path". The board is drawn on a cardboard, with spaces representing the different organs of the excretory system.
   • Each group will have a marker and a set of cards with questions about the Excretory System. When a group answers a question correctly, they can move their marker to the next organ on the urine path.
   • The goal of the game is to reach the last part of the path (the urethra) first. This will encourage students to study and review the material in a fun and engaging way.
   • The teacher should monitor the game, clarifying doubts and providing feedback as necessary. At the end of the game, the teacher should review the questions and answers with the class to ensure that all concepts were understood.

3. Activity 3 - Debate "The Importance of the Excretory System": (5 - 6 minutes)

   • To conclude the Development part of the lesson, the teacher should propose a debate on the importance of the Excretory System for human health.
   • The teacher should divide the class into two groups and assign each one a point of view: one group will argue that the Excretory System is the most important system for human health, while the other will argue that other systems, such as the circulatory or respiratory systems, are more important.
   • Each group will have time to prepare their arguments and then present their ideas. The goal is not to determine which group is "right", but to encourage students to think critically about the topic and develop their argumentation and persuasion skills.

Return (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (2 - 3 minutes):

   • The teacher should start a group discussion with all students, where each group will have the opportunity to share the solutions or conclusions of their activities.
   • Students should be encouraged to express their opinions and explain the reasoning behind their answers. The teacher should ask questions to deepen the discussion and ensure that all students are understanding the fundamental concepts.
   • During the discussion, the teacher should make connections between the activities carried out and the theory presented at the beginning of the lesson. This will help consolidate learning and make the concepts more tangible for students.

2. Learning Verification (1 - 2 minutes):

   • The teacher should quickly verify learning by asking students questions about the key concepts of the Excretory System.
   • These questions should be open-ended, allowing students to express what they have learned in a unique way. For example, "What is the most important function of the excretory system?" or "Why is water reabsorption important for our body?".
   • The goal of this step is to assess the level of understanding of the students and identify any knowledge gaps that may need to be addressed in future lessons.

3. Final Reflection (2 - 3 minutes):

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher should propose that students reflect for a minute on the answers to the questions: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not been answered yet?".
   • After a minute of reflection, the teacher should ask some students to share their answers. This will not only allow the teacher to assess the success of the lesson in achieving its Objectives, but also give students the opportunity to process and consolidate what they have learned.

4. Teacher Feedback (1 - 2 minutes):

   • Finally, the teacher should provide feedback to students on their performance during the lesson. This may include praise for active participation, suggestions for improvements, and encouragement to continue striving.
   • The teacher should also take this opportunity to clarify any persistent misunderstandings and to reinforce the importance of the Excretory System for human health.
   • This step is crucial for the continuous Development of students, as it gives them a clear idea of their strengths and areas for improvement, and motivates them to continue learning.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes):

   • The teacher should start the Conclusion by recalling the main points covered during the lesson. This includes the structure of the Excretory System (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra), its processes (urine production, water reabsorption, and waste elimination), and its importance for human health.
   • The teacher should highlight how the activities carried out during the lesson helped reinforce these concepts, allowing students to visualize and explore the Excretory System in a practical and interactive way.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes):

   • Next, the teacher should emphasize how the lesson connected the theory, practice, and applications of the Excretory System.
   • The teacher can mention how building the three-dimensional model allowed students to visualize the structure and functioning of the system, while the "Urine Path" game and the debate reinforced the importance of the Excretory System for human health in a playful and engaging way.
   • The teacher should also highlight how the learned concepts are applied in everyday life, such as in maintaining the body's water balance and in detecting health problems through urine analysis.

3. Extra Materials (1 - 2 minutes):

   • To deepen students' understanding of the topic, the teacher can suggest some extra materials for study. This may include websites, videos, books, or scientific articles that provide more detailed information about the Excretory System.
   • The teacher should encourage students to explore these materials in their own time, reinforcing that learning is a continuous process that goes beyond the classroom.

4. Importance of the Excretory System (1 minute):

   • Finally, the teacher should reinforce the importance of the Excretory System for human health.
   • The teacher can emphasize how understanding and caring for this system can prevent kidney diseases and other health complications. Additionally, they can highlight the relevance of maintaining good hydration and balanced nutrition for the proper functioning of the system.
   • This final recap will help solidify the knowledge acquired by students and raise awareness of the importance of the subject for their lives.