Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understanding of fundamental concepts: Students should be able to understand the basic concepts of electricity and electrical circuits, including the definition of electric current, voltage, resistance, and Ohm's law. They should understand the difference between direct current and alternating current.

2. Application of Ohm's law: Students should be able to apply Ohm's law to solve problems in simple circuits. They should be able to calculate the current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit.

3. Identification and description of circuit components: Students should be able to identify the basic components of a circuit, such as resistors, light bulbs, switches, and batteries. Additionally, they should be able to describe the function of each component in a circuit.

Secondary Objectives:

• Development of practical skills: Students should develop practical skills to build and test simple circuits. They should learn to use a multimeter to measure current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit.

• Encouragement of critical thinking: Students should be encouraged to think critically about the application of electricity in everyday life, recognizing the presence of electrical circuits in various devices and systems that use electricity.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous concepts: The teacher should start the lesson by briefly reviewing the concepts of electric charge, conductors, and insulators that were covered in previous classes. This review is essential for students to understand the new concepts that will be addressed in the current lesson. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem situations:

   • The teacher can propose the following question: "How does electricity reach the light bulb that lights up when we turn on the switch?" This question is designed to arouse students' curiosity and prepare them for the study of electrical circuits. (2 - 3 minutes)
   • Another situation could be: "Imagine you have a light bulb, a battery, and a wire. How could you connect the light bulb to the battery so that it lights up?" This will lead students to think about how to build a simple electrical circuit. (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Contextualization of the subject's importance: The teacher should emphasize the importance of electrical circuits, explaining that they are the basis of all electronic devices we use in our daily lives, from smartphones and computers to household appliances and automobiles. Additionally, the teacher may mention that understanding electrical circuits is essential for work in various fields, such as engineering, physics, electrical engineering, and electronics. (2 - 4 minutes)

4. Introduction of the topic: The teacher should introduce the topic of the lesson, explaining that students will learn about electrical circuits, which are closed paths through which electric current can flow. Additionally, the teacher may mention that students will learn about Ohm's law, one of the fundamental laws of electricity that describes the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. (2 - 3 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory of Electrical Circuits: (10 - 12 minutes)

   • The teacher should start by explaining what an electrical circuit is, which is a closed path through which electric current can flow. It should be emphasized that for the current to flow, the circuit must be closed, meaning all components must be connected in a closed loop.
   • Next, the teacher should present the basic components of a circuit: power source (such as a battery), load devices (such as a light bulb), and conductors (such as wires). It should be explained that the power source provides the "pressure" for the current to flow, the load devices are where the energy is used, and the conductors are the paths that the current follows.
   • The teacher should then introduce the difference between direct current and alternating current, explaining that direct current flows in a constant direction, while alternating current changes direction periodically.
   • Finally, the teacher should explain Ohm's law, which describes the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. It should be explained that the current is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance.

2. Problem Solving with Ohm's Law: (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher should present some simple problems involving the application of Ohm's law. For example, "If the voltage in a circuit is 12 volts and the resistance is 4 ohms, what is the current in the circuit?" or "If the current in a circuit is 0.5 amperes and the resistance is 10 ohms, what is the voltage in the circuit?".
   • The teacher should then step by step show students how to solve these problems, using the Ohm's law formula: I (current) = V (voltage) / R (resistance).

3. Practical Activity - Building Simple Circuits: (5 - 6 minutes)

   • The teacher should divide the class into small groups and provide each group with a kit for building simple circuits, which includes a battery, some wires, and a light bulb.
   • The teacher should instruct students to build a simple circuit by connecting the light bulb to the battery. Students should be guided to observe what happens to the light bulb when the circuit is closed (the light bulb lights up) and when the circuit is open (the light bulb goes out).
   • Next, students should be challenged to modify the circuit by adding resistors or changing the battery voltage, and observe what happens to the light bulb in each case. This will help students understand the concepts of current, voltage, and resistance in a practical way.

4. Use of the Multimeter: (3 - 5 minutes)

   • Finally, the teacher should demonstrate how to use a multimeter to measure current, voltage, and resistance in a circuit. Students should be encouraged to use the multimeter to measure these quantities in their own circuits.
   • The teacher should explain that the multimeter has a selector function that allows the user to choose what to measure (current, voltage, or resistance), and that measurements should be taken with the circuit turned off.
   • Students should be instructed to record their observations and measurements in their notebooks.

Feedback (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion: (3 - 4 minutes)

   • The teacher should promote a group discussion about the solutions or conclusions found by each group during the practical activity of building circuits.
   • Each group should share their observations and conclusions, explaining what happened to the light bulb when they modified the circuit.
   • This will allow students to learn from each other, share ideas and discoveries, and strengthen the collective understanding of the concept of electrical circuits.

2. Connection to Theory: (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should then connect the students' observations and conclusions with the theory presented.
   • For example, if a group observed that the light bulb shone brighter when they increased the battery voltage, the teacher can explain that this is because the current is directly proportional to the voltage, according to Ohm's law.
   • Similarly, if a group observed that the light bulb shone dimmer when they added a resistor to the circuit, the teacher can explain that this is because the resistance limits the current that can flow in the circuit.

3. Individual Reflection: (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should then propose that students reflect individually on what they learned in the lesson.
   • The teacher can ask questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions have not been answered yet?".
   • Students should be encouraged to record their answers in their notebooks.
   • This individual reflection is an opportunity for students to consolidate what they have learned and identify any areas of confusion or doubt that may need further clarification.

4. Feedback and Closure: (1 minute)

   • Finally, the teacher should ask for feedback from students about the lesson, asking what they liked and what they found challenging.
   • The teacher should thank the students for their participation and encourage them to continue exploring the fascinating world of electricity and electrical circuits.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents: (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should briefly recap the main points discussed during the lesson. This includes the definition of electrical circuits, Ohm's law, and the difference between direct current and alternating current.
   • It should also recall the importance of understanding the function and relationship between circuit components, as well as the application of Ohm's law in problem solving.
   • The teacher should reinforce the idea that electrical circuits are the basis of all electronic devices we use in our daily lives.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications: (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should highlight how the lesson combined theory, practice, and application of concepts.
   • It can mention how the theoretical discussion was complemented by the practical activity of building circuits, allowing students to observe the concepts in action.
   • The teacher should also emphasize how understanding these concepts is crucial to working with electricity in various practical contexts.

3. Suggestion of Additional Materials: (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should suggest additional study materials so that students can deepen their understanding of the topic.
   • These may include physics textbooks, educational videos online, science and technology websites, and additional experiments to do at home or in the school laboratory.
   • For example, the teacher may recommend the use of online circuit simulators, which allow students to build and test virtual circuits interactively.

4. Importance of Content for Everyday Life: (1 minute)

   • Finally, the teacher should reinforce the importance of the lesson content for students' daily lives.
   • It can mention practical examples of how understanding electrical circuits can be useful, such as in solving simple household problems, maintaining household appliances, or even choosing more efficient and safe electronic devices.
   • The teacher should encourage students to continue exploring and applying the concepts learned, thus fostering a mindset of continuous and autonomous learning.