Objectives (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Understand the association of resistors in series and in parallel:

   • Identify the association of resistors in an electrical circuit.
   • Differentiate between series and parallel association.
   • Calculate the total resistance in a series and parallel association.

2. Apply the correct formulas to calculate the total resistance in a resistor association:

   • Use the formula for total resistance in series association.
   • Use the formula for total resistance in parallel association.
   • Solve problems involving resistor association.

3. Relate resistor association to everyday situations:

   • Identify examples of resistor association in everyday life.
   • Analyze how resistor association affects the operation of electronic devices.
   • Apply knowledge of resistor association to better understand the operation of electronic devices.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content:

   • The teacher should review the concepts of electrical resistance and resistors, briefly explaining how they work and how they are represented in a circuit. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem Situations:

   • The teacher can present two problem situations involving resistor association. For example, how the brightness of a Christmas tree with several bulbs changes when one of them burns out (series association) or why all the bulbs in a house do not turn off when one of them burns out (parallel association). (3 - 5 minutes)

3. Contextualization:

   • The teacher should emphasize the importance of studying resistor association, explaining that it is essential to understand how electricity works in many devices we use daily, such as light bulbs, electronic devices, appliances, among others. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Topic Presentation:

   • To spark students' interest, the teacher can present two curiosities:
     • The first one is about the largest resistor association in the world, located in the city of Rio Claro, in São Paulo. It is composed of over 1.2 million resistors and was built to symbolize the immense amount of electrical energy consumed daily in the world.
     • The second one is about resistor association in a car battery. The teacher can explain that, contrary to what many think, car batteries are not connected in series, but in parallel, ensuring that the supplied voltage remains the same, even with the use of multiple electronic components simultaneously. (3 - 5 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Theory: Series and Parallel Resistor Association (10 - 15 minutes)

   • The teacher should introduce the concepts of resistor association in series and parallel, explaining each of them clearly and in detail. The characteristics of each type of association should be highlighted, such as the variation of total resistance and electric current.
   • For series association, the teacher should explain that resistors are connected one after the other, so that the current passing through all of them is the same. The total resistance in a series association is the sum of individual resistances. The formula to calculate total resistance in series should be presented and explained.
   • For parallel association, the teacher should explain that resistors are connected side by side, so that the voltage is the same across all of them. The total resistance in a parallel association is the inverse of the sum of the inverses of individual resistances. The formula to calculate total resistance in parallel should be presented and explained.

2. Practical Examples (5 - 7 minutes)

   • After the theoretical explanation, the teacher should present practical examples illustrating each type of association. For series association, an example with light bulbs in a simple circuit can be used. For parallel association, an example with remote control batteries can be used.
   • The teacher should guide students in solving the examples, explaining step by step how to apply the formulas and arrive at the result. The reasoning behind each step should be emphasized so that students understand the logic of the calculation and not just memorize the formulas.

3. Discussion and Questions (5 - 7 minutes)

   • Finally, the teacher should open up space for discussion and questions. Students should be encouraged to ask questions and share their doubts and difficulties. The teacher should be prepared to clarify doubts and to re-explain concepts, if necessary.
   • The teacher can propose a brief debate on the importance of resistor association in everyday life, taking into account the examples presented and other examples that students may bring. The idea is for students to realize the relevance of what they are learning and how it applies to the real world.

Return (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Lesson Review (5 - 7 minutes)

   • The teacher should recap the main points covered in the lesson, reinforcing the concepts of resistor association in series and parallel, and the formulas used to calculate total resistance in each type of association.
   • At this point, it is important for the teacher to quickly check if students understood the concepts and are able to apply the formulas correctly. This can be done, for example, by proposing a small problem and asking students to solve it, explaining each step of the calculation.

2. Connection between Theory and Practice (3 - 5 minutes)

   • The teacher should emphasize how the presented theory was applied in practice, using the practical examples discussed during the lesson.
   • It is important for the teacher to explain how the theory of resistor association is essential to understand and solve practical problems related to electricity, such as the operation of light bulbs and electronic devices.

3. Reflection on Learning (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should encourage students to reflect on what they learned in the lesson. To do this, they can ask some guiding questions, such as:
     1. What was the most important concept learned today?
     2. What questions have not been answered yet?
   • Students should have a minute to think about these questions. Then, they can share their answers with the class, if they feel comfortable.
   • The goal of this activity is for students to internalize what they have learned and identify possible gaps in their understanding, which can be clarified in future lessons.

4. Teacher Feedback (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Finally, the teacher should provide overall feedback on the lesson, highlighting the positive points and areas that need improvement.
   • The teacher should also reinforce the importance of the subject studied, emphasizing how resistor association is a fundamental concept to understand electricity and its various uses in everyday life.
   • The teacher can also suggest additional study materials, such as videos, websites, and books, so that students can deepen their knowledge on the topic.

Conclusion (5 - 10 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The teacher should summarize the main points discussed in the lesson, recalling the concepts of resistor association in series and parallel and the formulas used to calculate total resistance in each type of association.
   • It is important for the teacher to make this summary clear and concise, highlighting the essential points and reinforcing what students should have learned.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should emphasize how the lesson connected theory, practice, and applications of the subject.
   • It should be emphasized how understanding resistor association is essential to comprehend the operation of everyday electronic devices, such as light bulbs, electronic devices, and appliances.

3. Additional Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   • The teacher should suggest additional study materials for students, such as videos, websites, and books that can help them deepen their knowledge of resistor association.
   • It is important that these materials are easily accessible and understandable so that students can study on their own and review what was learned in the lesson.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Finally, the teacher should emphasize the importance of the subject studied, explaining how resistor association is a fundamental concept to understand electricity and its various uses in everyday life.
   • The teacher can give examples of real-life situations where knowledge of resistor association is useful, such as when installing a new light bulb at home or when trying to repair an electronic device that has stopped working.