Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of charge conservation: Students should be able to explain what charge conservation means in a closed system. They should understand that, in a closed system, the total amount of electric charge is constant.

2. Identify the main phenomena related to charge conservation: Students should be able to identify and describe everyday phenomena that demonstrate charge conservation, such as the operation of a simple electric circuit.

3. Apply charge conservation in practical situations: Students should be able to use the concept of charge conservation to solve simple problems, such as calculating the electric charge at a point in a circuit.

   Secondary objectives:

   • Develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
   • Stimulate curiosity and interest in physics and the world around them.
   • Foster teamwork skills and effective communication.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous concepts: The teacher starts the lesson by briefly reviewing basic electricity concepts, such as electric charge, electric current, voltage, resistance, and the operation of an electric circuit. This can be done through targeted questions to students or through a brief presentation with slides. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem-solving situations to stimulate thinking: The teacher presents two situations to the students:

   • The first situation involves a simple electric circuit with a light bulb. He asks: 'If I add another light bulb to this circuit, what do you think will happen? And if I remove a light bulb?' (2 - 3 minutes)

   • The second situation is a bit more complex: 'If I have two independent electric circuits, each with a light bulb, and connect the two circuits in parallel, what do you think will happen to the brightness of the light bulbs?' These situations should serve as a hook for introducing the concept of charge conservation. (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Contextualization of the subject: The teacher then contextualizes the importance of studying charge conservation, mentioning that this is a fundamental principle that governs the operation of all electrical devices in our daily lives, from light bulbs and appliances to computers and smartphones. He may also mention the importance of charge conservation in fields such as electrical engineering and electronics. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Introduction to the topic: To draw students' attention to the topic, the teacher can share two curiosities about charge conservation:

   • First curiosity: 'Did you know that charge conservation is one of the fundamental principles of nature? In an atom, for example, the total amount of positive charge (from protons) is always equal to the total amount of negative charge (from electrons), which keeps the atom electrically neutral.'

   • Second curiosity: 'Have you heard of Nikola Tesla's 'death ray'? It was a device that could generate extremely high electric currents. Tesla demonstrated that even when the device was releasing intense currents, the total amount of electric charge in his laboratory remained constant, due to charge conservation.' (3 - 4 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity 1: Electric Circuit Game (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher divides the class into groups of up to 5 students. Each group receives an 'electric circuit kit' (composed of batteries, conductive wires, light bulbs, and switches). The goal of the game is for students to assemble an electric circuit that conserves charge. The teacher explains that in the circuit, the total amount of charge (i.e., the total amount of electrons) must be the same at all points.

   • Step by step:

     1. The teacher distributes the kits and explains the rules of the game.
     2. Each group assembles their electric circuit.
     3. The teacher and/or a monitor walk around the room, observing the circuits and asking questions to stimulate discussion and critical thinking among students.
     4. After a set time, the teacher interrupts the activity and asks each group to explain how they ensured charge conservation in their circuit.
     5. The teacher can then make some modifications to the circuits and challenge the groups to explain the changes in terms of charge conservation.

2. Activity 2: Electric Charge Treasure Hunt (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Description: For this activity, the teacher prepares a series of problems or riddles related to charge conservation. Each problem/riddle is associated with a card containing a part of a word/phrase. Working together, student groups must solve the problems/riddles and find the corresponding cards. The goal is to collect all the cards and, in the end, form the word/phrase related to charge conservation.

   • Step by step:

     1. The teacher prepares the cards and hides them in the classroom.
     2. Each group receives a list of problems/riddles and a set of clues to solve them.
     3. The groups work together to solve the problems/riddles and find the corresponding cards.
     4. After a set time, the teacher interrupts the activity and asks the groups to form the word/phrase.
     5. The teacher then discusses the solutions to the problems/riddles with the class, reinforcing the concept of charge conservation.

3. Activity 3: Interactive Simulation (5 - 7 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher uses an interactive simulation of an electric circuit to demonstrate charge conservation. The simulation shows the movement of electrons in the circuit and allows the teacher to make changes to illustrate different scenarios.

   • Step by step:

     1. The teacher selects a suitable interactive simulation and prepares it for presentation.
     2. The teacher demonstrates the simulation to the class, explaining how it represents charge conservation.
     3. The teacher makes some changes in the simulation and asks students to predict what will happen. Then, he shows the result and explains why.
     4. The teacher repeats this process with different scenarios to reinforce students' understanding of charge conservation.

The proposed activities aim to promote interaction and collaboration among students, as well as stimulate critical thinking and problem-solving. They also help make the content more meaningful and contextualized, facilitating the understanding and assimilation of the concept of charge conservation.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes)

   • Description: After the conclusion of the activities, the teacher gathers all students for a group discussion. Each group will have up to 2 minutes to share their solutions or conclusions from the previous activities. The teacher should ensure that all groups have the opportunity to speak and encourage students to explain their ideas clearly and concisely. During the discussion, the teacher can ask questions to deepen students' understanding and clarify any doubts.

2. Connection to Theory (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Description: After the group discussion, the teacher gives a brief review of the concept of charge conservation, recalling how it applies to electric circuits and the importance of this principle in electricity. Then, the teacher asks students to relate what they learned from the practical activities to the theoretical explanations. Students can share their observations and conclusions, and the teacher can complement with additional examples or more detailed explanations, if necessary.

3. Individual Reflection (3 - 4 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher suggests that students reflect for a minute on the following questions:
     1. What was the most important concept you learned today?
     2. What questions have not been answered yet?
   • After a minute of reflection, the teacher asks students to share their answers. This is an opportunity for students to express their doubts or difficulties, and also for the teacher to assess the effectiveness of the lesson and plan future interventions, if necessary. The teacher should encourage all students to participate and ensure that the environment is welcoming and respectful.

4. Closure (1 minute)

   • Description: To conclude the lesson, the teacher thanks everyone for their participation and effort. He may also give a brief summary of what was learned and reinforce the importance of the concept of charge conservation. The teacher should encourage students to continue exploring the topic and asking questions, even outside the classroom. He may also suggest additional materials for study, such as videos, websites, or books, to help deepen understanding of electricity and charge conservation.

This Return moment is essential to consolidate students' learning and for the teacher to evaluate the effectiveness of the lesson. Group discussions, connection to theory, and individual reflection allow students to make connections between what was learned and their own experiences, and allow the teacher to identify possible gaps in students' understanding and plan future interventions. Additionally, this moment helps promote self-assessment and metacognition, important skills for the development of critical thinking.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher should review the main points covered during the lesson, highlighting the definition of charge conservation, its application in electric circuits, and the importance of this concept for the operation of various electrical devices. The teacher can use diagrams, schemes, or notes on a whiteboard to visualize and reinforce the concepts. He can also ask quick questions to check students' understanding.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher should explain how the lesson connected theory (with the definition and explanations about charge conservation) with practice (through circuit assembly activities and problem-solving) and applications (with the discussion on the use of charge conservation in various everyday devices). The teacher can highlight how practical activities and simulations helped illustrate and deepen the understanding of the theory, and how the concept of charge conservation is crucial to understand and apply physics in our daily lives.

3. Extra Materials (1 minute)

   • Description: The teacher should suggest extra materials for students to deepen their knowledge on the topic. These materials may include explanatory videos, interactive simulations, educational games, science and physics websites, and textbook chapters. The teacher can provide a list of these resources on an online learning platform, or send them via email to students. He can also encourage students to do their own research and discoveries on the topic, and to share what they have learned with the class.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Description: To conclude the lesson, the teacher should emphasize the importance of the concept of charge conservation in the real world. He can mention examples of its application in everyday technologies, such as cell phones, computers, appliances, and lighting systems. Additionally, the teacher can highlight how understanding charge conservation is fundamental for studying other topics in physics, and how the ability to apply this concept can be useful in various careers, especially in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics, and computer science.