Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the concept of capacitance and its relationship with the charge and potential difference between conductors.
2. Identify and apply the capacitance formula, using it to solve practical problems.
3. Recognize the importance of capacitance in electrical circuits and its practical application, such as in capacitors.

Secondary objectives:

• Develop logical-mathematical reasoning skills for solving problems involving the concept of capacitance.
• Encourage critical thinking and analysis skills to relate theory to practice.
• Promote teamwork and collaboration among students during the proposed activities.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of previous content: The teacher should start the class by briefly reviewing the concepts of electric charge, potential difference, and conductors. It is important that students are familiar with these concepts, as they will be the basis for understanding the topic of capacitance. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Presentation of problem situations:

   • The teacher can present a scenario where an electronic device, such as a cell phone, cannot store enough energy for a long period of use. Students should ask themselves: "How could we increase the energy storage capacity of this device?"
   • Then, another scenario can be presented where a capacitor is used in a circuit to store energy. Students should ask themselves: "How is the capacitor able to store energy and how can we measure its capacity?" (5 - 7 minutes)

3. Contextualization of the importance of the subject: The teacher should explain that the concept of capacitance is fundamental to the functioning of various electronic devices that we use in our daily lives, such as computers, cell phones, and televisions. In addition, knowing the capacitance is crucial for the construction and maintenance of electrical circuits. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Introduction to the topic:

   • The teacher can introduce the topic of capacitance by telling the story of how capacitors were discovered and how they were initially used in industry.
   • Then, the definition of capacitance can be presented: the ability of a conductor to store electrical charges when subjected to a potential difference. (2 - 3 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Capacitance Theory (10 - 12 minutes)

   1.1. Definition: The teacher should start by explaining that capacitance is a property of conductors that indicates the amount of electrical charge they can store when subjected to a potential difference.

   1.2. Unit of measurement: Then, the teacher should present the unit of measurement of capacitance, the farad (F), which is a very large unit for most practical applications. Therefore, it is common to use multiples and submultiples of the farad, such as the microfarad (μF) and the nanofarad (nF).

   1.3. Proportionality factor: The teacher should explain that the capacitance of a conductor is directly proportional to the amount of charge it can store for a given potential difference. In other words, the greater the capacitance, the greater the charge that the conductor can store for the same potential difference.

   1.4. Capacitance of an isolated conductor: The teacher should emphasize that the capacitance of an isolated conductor is very small, since the electric charge tends to escape from the conductor due to the phenomenon of electric discharge. However, it is possible to increase the capacitance of an isolated conductor by placing it in an environment with an intense electric field, such as inside a capacitor.

   1.5. Capacitance of a capacitor: Finally, the teacher should explain that the capacitance of a capacitor is determined by the geometry of the capacitor (plate area, plate separation) and by the nature of the insulating material between the plates (dielectric constant).

2. Capacitance Formula (5 - 7 minutes)

   2.1. The teacher should present the capacitance formula: C = Q/V, where C is the capacitance, Q is the stored charge, and V is the potential difference between the capacitor plates.

   2.2. The teacher should explain that, according to the formula, the capacitance of a capacitor is equal to the stored charge divided by the potential difference between the plates. Therefore, capacitance is a measure of the amount of charge that the capacitor can store for a given potential difference.

3. Exercise Solving (5 - 6 minutes)

   3.1. The teacher should propose some exercises involving the calculation of capacitance. Students should be instructed to solve the exercises using the capacitance formula.

   3.2. After solving the exercises, the teacher should discuss the solutions with the class, clarifying any doubts that may arise.

4. Discussion and Reflection (5 - 7 minutes)

   4.1. The teacher should promote a discussion about the importance of capacitance in electrical circuits and in everyday life. Students should be encouraged to share examples of electronic devices that use capacitors and to discuss how the capacitance of these capacitors affects the functioning of these devices.

   4.2. The teacher should also encourage students to reflect on how the concept of capacitance relates to the other concepts of electricity that they have already learned, such as electric charge and potential difference.

Feedback (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Content Review and Connection (3 - 4 minutes)

   1.1. The teacher should begin the Feedback phase by reviewing the main points covered in the class. This includes the definition of capacitance, the capacitance formula, and the importance of capacitance in electrical circuits and in everyday life.

   1.2. Then, the teacher should ask students to make connections between what they learned in class and their prior knowledge. For example, students could be encouraged to think about how capacitance relates to the concepts of electric charge and potential difference, which were reviewed at the beginning of the class.

   1.3. Students can also be challenged to think about how the concept of capacitance applies to real-world situations. For example, how does capacitance affect the battery life of a cell phone or the performance of an electronic device?

2. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes)

   2.1. The teacher should invite students to reflect individually on what they have learned in class. To do this, the teacher can ask questions like: "What was the most important concept you learned today?" and "What questions do you still have about the topic?"

   2.2. The teacher should give students a minute to think about these questions. Then, some students may be invited to share their answers with the class. This can help identify any areas of confusion that still exist and that may need to be reviewed in future classes.

3. Feedback and Closure (3 - 4 minutes)

   3.1. The teacher should end the class by requesting feedback from the students. This can be done verbally, where students can express what they thought of the class and whether they feel they understood the content. An online questionnaire can also be used to obtain more detailed feedback.

   3.2. The teacher should reinforce the importance of the topic of capacitance and how it applies to various everyday situations. In addition, the relevance of understanding capacitance for future studies in physics and for careers in engineering, technology, and applied sciences should be highlighted.

   3.3. Finally, the teacher should close the class, thanking the students for their participation and reinforcing that the next meeting will address new concepts related to electricity.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Content Summary (2 - 3 minutes)

   1.1. The teacher should begin the Conclusion phase by reviewing the key points of the class. This includes the definition of capacitance, the capacitance formula, the unit of measurement (farad), and the importance of capacitance in electrical circuits and in everyday life.

   1.2. Emphasis should also be placed on the relationship between capacitance and electric charge, potential difference, and capacitor geometry.

2. Theory-Practice Connection (1 - 2 minutes)

   2.1. The teacher should highlight how the class was able to connect the theory of capacitance with its practical application. This can be done through examples, such as the operation of capacitors in electronic circuits, including everyday devices.

   2.2. It should be emphasized that understanding capacitance allows students to understand the operation and importance of various equipment and technologies.

3. Supplementary Materials (1 - 2 minutes)

   3.1. The teacher should suggest additional materials so that students can deepen their knowledge of capacitance. These materials may include explanatory videos, websites of electrical circuit simulations, physics books, and extra exercises.

   3.2. It is important that students are encouraged to explore these materials outside the classroom, to complement what has been learned and to reinforce their understanding of the topic.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 - 2 minutes)

   4.1. Finally, the teacher should reinforce the importance of the topic of capacitance. It should be emphasized that capacitance is fundamental to the understanding and application of various concepts and technologies related to electricity.

   4.2. It should also be emphasized how the knowledge of capacitance can be useful to students in their daily lives and in their future careers, particularly in areas related to engineering, technology, and applied sciences.

5. Class Closure (1 minute)

   5.1. The teacher should close the class, thanking the students for their participation and encouraging them to bring any remaining questions to the next class.

   5.2. Students should also be reminded of the importance of reviewing the content learned and preparing for the next classes, by studying the suggested materials and practicing solving exercises.