Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understand the Concept of Capitalism: The teacher should present the concept of capitalism in a clear and concise manner, ensuring that students understand the main aspects and characteristics of this economic system.

2. Analyze the Origins and Evolution of Capitalism: Students should be able to identify the origins of capitalism and how it has developed over time. This includes understanding the transition from feudalism to capitalism and the influence of historical events in this process.

3. Identify the Characteristics and Implications of Capitalism in the Current World: Students should be able to identify the distinct characteristics of capitalism and how they impact society and the global economy. This includes understanding the role of the market, private property, and competition in capitalism.

   Secondary Objectives:

   • Develop Critical Thinking: Through the study of capitalism, students will be encouraged to develop critical thinking skills, including the ability to analyze and question social structures and systems.

   • Promote Discussion and Debate: Students will be encouraged to discuss and debate the topics presented, promoting the exchange of ideas and respect for divergent opinions.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher will start the lesson by reviewing the concepts of economic system, feudalism, and economic transition that were addressed in previous classes. This review is crucial for students to connect the new content with what they have already learned, facilitating the understanding of the topic. (3 - 5 minutes)

2. Problem Situations: Next, the teacher will present two problem situations to stimulate the critical thinking of the students:

   • Situation 1: "Imagine a society where all means of production, such as factories and lands, are owned by the State and goods are distributed equally among citizens. How do you think the economic dynamics of this society would be? And individual freedom?"
   • Situation 2: "Imagine a society where all means of production are privately owned and exchanges are made through a free market. How do you think the economic dynamics of this society would be? And wealth distribution?" (2 - 3 minutes)

3. Contextualization: The teacher will then contextualize the importance of capitalism, explaining how it is the predominant economic system in much of the current world, including the students' country. It will be discussed how capitalism influences daily life, from consumption choices to job opportunities. (2 - 3 minutes)

4. Gaining Attention: To arouse students' interest, the teacher may share curiosities and stories related to capitalism. Some examples are:

   • Curiosity 1: "Did you know that the term 'capitalism' was coined by the philosopher Karl Marx, who, interestingly, was a staunch critic of this economic system?"
   • Curiosity 2: "Have you heard of Adam Smith's 'invisible hand'? It is a metaphor he used to describe how, in a free market, individual actions seeking profit can lead to the benefit of society as a whole, without the need for a central authority controlling the economy." (3 - 5 minutes)

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity 'Capitalism in Action' (10 - 12 minutes):

   • The teacher will divide the class into groups of five students and will give each group a set of cards, each containing a brief description of a situation that occurs in the capitalist system. The situations may include: an entrepreneur opening a new factory, a consumer choosing between different brands of products, a worker negotiating salary and benefits, an investor buying shares in a company, among others.

   • The objective of the activity is for students to organize the cards in a timeline, representing the order in which these situations occur in capitalism. They should also discuss the implications of each situation and how they reflect the characteristics of capitalism discussed in the Introduction of the lesson.

   • After the conclusion of the activity, each group will present their timeline to the class and explain their choices. The teacher will facilitate the discussion, asking questions to deepen students' understanding and correcting any misunderstandings.

2. Activity 'Capitalism in the World' (10 - 12 minutes):

   • In this activity, students will continue working in the same groups. The teacher will provide each group with a world map and colored markers.

   • The teacher will ask each group to mark on the map the countries they believe are the most prominent examples of capitalism in the world currently. They should also mark the countries they believe have an economic system different from capitalism (for example, socialism, communism, feudalism, etc.).

   • Next, the teacher will ask the groups to briefly research each of the marked countries and note the main characteristics of their economic systems. They should pay special attention to the similarities and differences with capitalism.

   • Finally, each group will present their findings to the class. The teacher will facilitate the discussion, encouraging students to make connections with the concepts discussed in the lesson.

These activities will allow students to apply the knowledge acquired in a practical and contextualized way, developing critical thinking skills and promoting discussion and debate.

Return (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes):

   • The teacher will ask each group to briefly share the solutions or conclusions reached in their activities. Each group will have a maximum of 3 minutes to present.

   • During the presentations, the teacher should encourage students to express their opinions and clarify their ideas. The teacher can also ask questions to stimulate students' reflection and promote the exchange of ideas among groups.

2. Connection to Theory (2 - 3 minutes):

   • After the presentations, the teacher will summarize the main ideas discussed by the groups, connecting them with the theoretical concepts presented in the Introduction of the lesson.

   • The teacher may highlight the most interesting or relevant situations presented by the groups and explain how they illustrate the characteristics of capitalism.

3. Individual Reflection (2 - 3 minutes):

   • To conclude the lesson, the teacher will propose that students reflect silently for a minute on what they have learned. The teacher will ask some questions to guide students' reflection, such as:

     1. "What was the most important concept you learned today?"
     2. "What questions have not been answered yet?"

   • After the minute of reflection, students will be invited to share their answers with the class, if they wish. The teacher should encourage students to express their doubts and to continue thinking about the topic even after the end of the lesson.

This Return moment is crucial to consolidate students' learning and for the teacher to assess the effectiveness of the lesson. By listening to the groups' presentations, the teacher can identify any gaps in students' understanding and plan future activities to address these issues. Additionally, by reflecting on what they have learned, students will have the opportunity to internalize the concepts and develop a deeper understanding of the topic.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Contents (2 - 3 minutes):

   • The teacher will start the Conclusion by recalling the main concepts and ideas discussed throughout the lesson. This includes the definition of capitalism, its origins and evolution, its distinctive characteristics, and its implications in the current world.

   • The teacher will also give a brief summary of the activities carried out, highlighting the main conclusions reached by the groups and the connections made with the theory.

2. Connection to Practice and Theory (1 - 2 minutes):

   • Next, the teacher will explain how the lesson connected the theory of capitalism with practice, through the activities 'Capitalism in Action' and 'Capitalism in the World'.

   • The teacher will highlight how these activities allowed students to apply their knowledge in a practical and contextualized way, developing critical thinking skills and promoting discussion and debate.

3. Additional Materials (1 - 2 minutes):

   • To deepen students' understanding of capitalism, the teacher will suggest some additional materials, such as videos, documentaries, articles, and books related to the topic. These materials may include the documentary 'Capitalism: A Love Story' by Michael Moore, the book 'Capital' by Karl Marx, and the book 'The Wealth of Nations' by Adam Smith, among others.

   • The teacher may also recommend websites and online platforms where students can conduct additional research on capitalism and other economic systems.

4. Relevance of the Theme (1 minute):

   • Finally, the teacher will reinforce the importance of capitalism for students' daily lives, explaining how it influences various aspects of their lives, from consumption choices to job opportunities.

   • The teacher will also emphasize the relevance of studying capitalism for students' civic education, highlighting how understanding the functioning of economic systems can help them comprehend and participate in discussions on social and political issues.