Lesson plan of Argumentative Text

Objectives (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Understanding Argumentative Texts: The first objective is for students to understand what an argumentative text is, its structure, and its characteristics. They should be able to identify the key elements of an argumentative text, such as thesis, arguments, counterarguments, and conclusion.

2. Identifying Types of Arguments: The second objective is for students to learn how to identify the different types of arguments that can be used in an argumentative text. They should be able to distinguish between arguments from authority, cause and effect, analogy, among others.

3. Producing an Argumentative Text: The third objective is for students to be able to produce their own argumentative text. They should understand how to organize their ideas in a coherent and persuasive way, and how to use the different types of arguments effectively.

Secondary Objectives:

• Development of Critical Thinking: In addition to the main objectives, the lesson also aims to develop students' critical thinking. Through the analysis and production of argumentative texts, students will be encouraged to form their own opinions and express them in a logical and convincing way.

• Improvement of Writing Skills: Another secondary objective is to improve students' writing skills. By learning to write argumentative texts, they will be enhancing a fundamental skill for most academic and professional activities.

Introduction (10 - 15 minutes)

1. Review of Previous Content: The teacher begins the lesson by briefly reviewing the concepts of text, discourse, and text genres, which were covered in previous lessons. This review is important for students to understand the difference between a narrative or descriptive text and an argumentative text.

2. Problem Situations: The teacher presents two problem situations to introduce the topic of the lesson. The first can be the reading of a newspaper editorial that defends a certain political position, and the second, the reading of an opinion article on a controversial topic. Students are encouraged to identify the arguments used in each text and to reflect on how they are organized to persuade the reader.

3. Contextualization: The teacher explains that the ability to write argumentative texts is very important not only in school but also in everyday life. For example, when writing an essay for an exam, when defending a point of view during a discussion, when expressing an opinion on social networks, among others.

4. Introduction of the Topic: To arouse students' interest, the teacher can share some curiosities about argumentative texts. For example, he can mention that this type of text is very old, dating back to Ancient Greece, where philosophers used rhetoric to persuade others of their ideas. Another curiosity is that argumentative texts are widely used in advertising and propaganda, as they are considered one of the most effective ways to influence people's thinking and behavior.

Development (20 - 25 minutes)

1. Activity 1 - "Arguments in Debate" (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Description: In this activity, students will be divided into groups of five. Each group will receive an envelope containing cards with different statements on various topics (eg, "Technology makes people lonelier", "The death penalty is a fair form of punishment", "Climate change is an invention"). The objective of the activity is for students to discuss each statement and then develop arguments for and against.

   • Step by step:

     • The teacher divides the class into groups and distributes the envelopes.
     • Students open the envelope and begin discussing the first statement.
     • Each group must develop at least three arguments for and three against the statement. The arguments must be written on separate cards.
     • After five minutes, the teacher asks the groups to share their arguments with the class.
     • The teacher guides a discussion on the validity and effectiveness of the different arguments.

2. Activity 2 - "Building an Argumentative Text" (10 - 12 minutes)

   • Description: After the previous activity, students will have a better understanding of how to construct arguments. In this activity, they will apply this skill to build a complete argumentative text. The teacher gives each group of students a blank poster and colored markers.

   • Step by step:

     • The teacher provides a topic for the argumentative text, such as "The importance of recycling for the preservation of the environment".
     • Each group of students must write the thesis, arguments, and conclusion of the text on the poster, using the arguments they developed in the previous activity.
     • Students are encouraged to use different colors for each part of the text, making it easier to visualize the structure.
     • After the conclusion of the texts, each group presents its poster to the class, explaining the structure and arguments used. The teacher can ask questions to stimulate reflection and deepen the content.

3. Activity 3 - "Creating an Individual Argumentative Text" (5 - 10 minutes)

   • Description: In this last activity, students will have the opportunity to apply what they have learned individually. Each student will receive a piece of paper and will be challenged to produce a short argumentative text on a topic of their choice, using the concepts and strategies discussed in class.

   • Step by step:

     • The teacher explains that the text must have an introduction, a development with at least three paragraphs of argumentation, and a conclusion.
     • Students have a specific time to produce their texts.
     • After the conclusion, the texts can be shared among the students for feedback and discussion. The teacher can select some texts to be read aloud and discussed with the class.

Feedback (8 - 10 minutes)

1. Group Discussion (3 - 4 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher calls the class for a group discussion. Each group will have up to 3 minutes to share the main conclusions and solutions found during the activities. This discussion allows students to see different approaches to the same problem and broaden their understanding of the argumentative text.
   • Step by step:
     • The teacher asks the groups to briefly share the main conclusions and solutions found during the activities.
     • Students are encouraged to ask questions and share their own ideas, promoting a collaborative learning environment.
     • The teacher facilitates the discussion, ensuring that all points of view are heard and that the conversation remains focused on the topic.

2. Connection to Theory (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher reinforces the connection between the activities performed and the theory presented at the beginning of the lesson. He highlights how the different types of arguments were applied in the practical activities and how the structure of the argumentative text was used to organize the students' ideas.
   • Step by step:
     • The teacher makes a brief review of the key concepts of the lesson, highlighting how they were applied in the activities.
     • He asks questions that encourage students to reflect on the connection between theory and practice, such as "How did the structure of the argumentative text help you organize your ideas?" or "What were the most convincing arguments you found?".
     • The teacher reinforces that the ability to write argumentative texts is a powerful tool for expressing ideas and persuading others, and that it can be applied in various everyday situations.

3. Final Reflection (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Description: To end the class, the teacher proposes that students reflect for a minute on the following questions:
     1. "What was the most important concept learned today?"
     2. "What questions have not yet been answered?".
   • Step by step:
     • The teacher asks students to close their eyes and silently reflect on the questions.
     • After a minute, the students are invited to share their answers with the class.
     • The teacher summarizes the main reflections, reinforcing the most important points and emphasizing that it is normal to have doubts and that they can be clarified in the next lessons or through individual studies.

This Feedback stage is essential to consolidate students' learning, encourage reflection on what has been learned, and identify possible gaps in understanding. In addition, by promoting discussion and the exchange of ideas, it contributes to the development of critical thinking and the ability of students' oral expression.

Conclusion (5 - 7 minutes)

1. Summary of Main Contents (2 - 3 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher should summarize the main points covered during the lesson, reinforcing the definition of argumentative text, the identification of types of arguments, and the structure of this type of text. The teacher can use slides or posters to visually highlight these points.
   • Step by step:
     • The teacher begins the Conclusion by recalling the definition and characteristics of the argumentative text.
     • He then reviews the different types of arguments that were covered in class.
     • Finally, the teacher recapitulates the structure of an argumentative text, emphasizing the importance of a clear thesis, coherent argumentation, and a convincing conclusion.

2. Connection between Theory, Practice, and Applications (1 - 2 minutes)

   • Description: The teacher should highlight how the lesson connected theory, practice, and applications. He can mention how the practical activities allowed students to apply the theoretical concepts learned and how these concepts can be applied in real-life situations.
   • Step by step:
     • The teacher explains that the "Arguments in Debate" activity allowed students to apply the concepts of argumentation and counterargumentation in a practical way.
     • He highlights that the "Building an Argumentative Text" activity allowed students to experiment with the structuring and organization of an argumentative text.
     • Finally, the teacher mentions that the "Creating an Individual Argumentative Text" activity gave students the opportunity to apply what they have learned independently, preparing them for real situations in which they will need to express their opinions argumentatively.

3. Complementary Materials (1 minute)

   • Description: The teacher suggests some complementary study materials for students who want to deepen their knowledge on the subject. These may include books, articles, videos, and websites related to argumentative texts and argumentation techniques.
   • Step by step:
     • The teacher recommends some books and articles on argumentative writing, such as "The Art of Argumentation" by Antônio Suárez Abreu and "How to Write Argumentative Texts" by Maria Tereza de Queiroz Piacentini.
     • He indicates some educational videos and websites that offer tips and examples of argumentative texts, such as the YouTube channel "Writing and Grammar Zica" and the website "Toda Matéria" which has a specific section on argumentative texts.
     • The teacher can also make available to students an online study guide, which includes links to the recommended materials and exercises for independent practice.

4. Importance of the Subject (1 minute)

   • Description: Finally, the teacher should emphasize the importance of the argumentative text in the daily lives of students, explaining how the ability to argue in a clear and persuasive way can be useful in various situations, from writing a school essay to participating in debates and discussions.
   • Step by step:
     • The teacher highlights that the ability to write argumentative texts is highly valued in academic and professional environments and can be useful in various areas, such as Law, Journalism, Advertising, among others.
     • He reinforces that the ability to argue effectively not only helps to express ideas and opinions in a convincing way, but also develops critical thinking and the ability to understand and analyze different points of view.