Context

Since ancient times, humanity has developed various ways to communicate numerically. One such way is the Roman numeral system, used throughout the Roman Empire, that is still present today on clocks, book chapters, numbering of centuries, and even in the numbering of the Super Bowl!

Introduction

Roman numerals are a system of notation developed in ancient Rome. It is an additive system where each symbol adds its value to the total. There are seven basic numerals: I (1), V (5), X (10), L (50), C (100), D (500) and M (1000). However, the Romans also used a subtractive system for some numbers. For example, "4" is not "IIII", but rather "IV" meaning "1 before 5". This can make Roman numerals a bit tricky but also quite interesting!

Our current numbering system, known as the decimal system, is base 10 and uses the digits 0-9. Although it is more efficient than Roman numerals, they still hold a place in our society. As a matter of fact, the existence of different numeral systems helps us understand cultural diversity and the historical evolution of Mathematics.

Relevance

Even though it may seem like learning about Roman numerals is just a historical curiosity, this knowledge has many practical applications. For example, many clocks use Roman numerals to indicate the hours. Also, they are often used to number chapters in books and articles, as well as in movies and video games to indicate sequences. Furthermore, Roman numerals are used to indicate centuries, such as in the 21st century (XXI).

Understanding Roman numerals will also allow you to better understand the decimal system, as the contrasts between both systems will help highlight the characteristics and benefits of the decimal system.

Trusted Institutions for Academic References

1. Khan Academy: An online learning platform with videos and interactive exercises on a wide range of topics, including Roman numerals.

2. Wikipedia: The online encyclopedia has an in depth page about Roman numerals.

3. Math is Fun: An online resource for math and science that has a section on Roman numerals.

Hands-on Activity

Activity Title: "Decoding and Constructing the Roman Clock"

Project Aim

The aim of this project is to develop students' ability to convert numbers between the decimal system and Roman numerals, as well as evidencing the relevance and application of the Roman numeral system in everyday life. The focus will be on constructing a clock with Roman numerals, as well as decoding and recording the time at different moments throughout the day.

Activity Description

This project will be carried out in groups of 3 to 5 students and should take between two to four hours per participating student to complete. The scope of the activity is to understand the theory behind Roman numerals and apply it in practice with the construction of a clock and reading of the time at various moments.

Materials

1. Cardboard, Scissors and Glue
2. Pencils, Ruler and Compass
3. Colored Cardstock
4. Clock (for reference)
5. Markers
6. Computer or device with internet access (for research and report writing)

Project Steps

1. Research: Groups should begin the activity by conducting research on Roman numerals, where they are used, how they work, and how to convert numbers from the decimal system to the Roman system and vice versa.

2. Clock Outline: Outline the clock on a piece of paper, drawing a circle and dividing it into 12 parts, like a traditional clock.

3. Roman Numeral Digits: Each student should choose a few numbers that will be represented on the clock and convert them to Roman numerals. Write these Roman numerals in their corresponding places on the clock face.

4. Clock Construction: Transfer the outline to the cardboard and cut out the clock shape. On the colored cardstock, write and cut out the Roman numeral digits found in the previous step, and glue them in their correct numerical position on the cardboard clock face.

5. Verification: Using a clock for reference, verify that the Roman numerals are in the correct place.

6. Time Recording: Throughout a week, students should check the time on their Roman numeral clock at three different times each day and record these times.

7. Report: After the clock has been constructed, students should work together to write a report on the project. This report should include:

   • Introduction: In this section, students should introduce the concept of Roman numerals, their purpose and relevance in today's world. They should also state the aim of this project.

   • Development: Here students need to detail the process of constructing the clock, the theory behind Roman numerals, the teamwork methodology used, and discuss the results obtained (e.g. what was the experience of telling time on the Roman numeral clock like).

   • Conclusions: Students should conclude the report by reflecting on what they have learnt from the project, what skills they have developed (such as number conversion, teamwork, time management etc.) and what practical applications they see for Roman numerals.

   • Bibliography: In this section, students should provide a list of all sources of information that they used to complete the project. That is, what websites, books, videos, etc. did they consult in order to learn about Roman numerals and complete the proposed activities.

At the end of this project students will have a functioning Roman numeral clock and a report detailing the whole process of research, construction and reflection. They will have experienced how Roman numerals can be used in a practical, everyday application, and how mathematics can be both historical and applied.