Contextualization

Rocks are naturally occurring solids that constitute the crust of the Earth and are forms of matter composed of minerals. They are classified by geologists into three major groups: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Each category includes many specific rocks, each with a distinct combination of minerals, textures, and geological processes that led to their formation.

Igneous rocks are formed when magma (molten rock within the Earth) cools and solidifies. They can occur below the Earth's surface, as intrusive (or plutonic) rocks, or they can erupt from volcanoes and form above the surface, as extrusive (or volcanic) rocks.

Sedimentary rocks are formed from an accumulation of sediments. These sediments can include broken pieces of other rocks or minerals (clastic rocks) or the remains of animals and plants (fossil fuels). Once accumulated, sediments get compacted over time and become solid. Sedimentary rocks are the most common rocks exposed at the Earth's surface.

Metamorphic rocks are formed when igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure, which change the rocks' texture and mineral composition.

The study of rocks is not confined to geology, but is also relevant to other sciences such as paleontology, where sedimentary rocks in particular are fundamental to the discovery of fossils. In addition, igneous rock materials are widely used in civil construction, sedimentary rocks are sources of fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas, and metamorphic rocks are used as construction and ornamental materials.

Understanding the formation and transformation of rocks provides a glimpse into how the Earth came to be and how it continues to evolve. Most importantly, it allows us to understand and predict geological events that have a direct impact on human life, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides.

To begin their research on the topic, they can use the book "Earth Science" by De Pater and Lutgens. In addition, educational videos from the internet are also an excellent source, such as the YouTube channel "Science Every Day" and educational materials available on the Khan Academy website. Each group should do extensive research on the topic to be able to make a solid and complete presentation.

Hands-on Activity: "Rocks in Hand: Discovering Different Types of Rocks"

Project Objective

The objective of this project is to enable students to identify, classify, and research different types of rocks. This will allow them to apply their theoretical knowledge in a practical setting and to develop teamwork, communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.

Detailed Project Description

This project will be conducted in groups of 3 to 5 students, and will last for one week.

The groups will collect and identify different types of rocks, research them, and present their findings in the form of an oral presentation and a written report. Each group will need to find at least one example of each type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic), for a minimum total of three rocks.

In addition to identification, the teams need to explore the importance and applications of each rock found in our daily lives. Students should also try to identify if possible fossils that may be related to the sedimentary rocks collected.

Required Materials

• Magnifying glass
• Rock identification guide
• Camera or cell phone
• Note-taking materials

Step-by-Step Instructions for the Activity

1. STEP ONE: Groups should plan a mini expedition to collect rocks. They should look in safe places like gardens, parks, and riversides. It is important to remind everyone to take due care not to damage the environment and not to put themselves in risky situations.

2. STEP TWO: After the rocks have been collected, the groups should attempt to classify them as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic, using the identification guide and magnifying glass provided.

3. STEP THREE: Each group should conduct thorough research on the rocks they have collected, including: how they are formed, their physical characteristics, where they are found, practical uses, and possible fossil connections.

4. STEP FOUR: Each group creates a presentation using the rocks they collected and the research they conducted. Presentations should be creative and informative.

5. STEP FIVE: Groups should write a detailed report of the project, with images of the rocks and information gathered.

Project Deliverables

The deliverables for this project are an oral presentation and a written report.

The oral presentation should be based on the research conducted and should include a display and discussion of the rocks collected. The presentation should be engaging, informative, and interesting.

The written report should have at least four parts:

1. INTRODUCTION: Students should provide context for the topic, describing the importance of rocks and the real-world applications of the knowledge gained.

2. DEVELOPMENT: This is where the collected rocks are explained, including details about how they were identified, the information learned in the research, and the methodology used. This is the place to present and discuss all of the project's findings.

3. CONCLUSION: The main points of the project should be restated, and what was learned in terms of knowledge and skills should be explained.

4. BIBLIOGRAPHY: This is where all sources used during the development of the work should be listed.

This project not only allows students to learn about different types of rocks, but also to enhance a range of important skills. In addition, it provides a unique opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in a practical and meaningful way.